Proceedings of UASG 2019 (eBook)

Contents 6
A Comparative Study of Drone and High Resolution Satellite Data for Detailed Land Use/Land Cover Mapping 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Objectives 12
3 Study Area 12
4 Methodology 13
5 Results and Discussion 14
6 Conclusions 18
References 18
Assessment of Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Systems for Engineering Surveys 20
1 Introduction 20
1.1 Unmanned Aerial Systems 21
1.2 Engineering Surveys 21
2 Study Area 22
3 Data Acquisition and Analysis 22
3.1 Instrument Used i.e. UAS 22
3.2 Image Acquisition Process 23
3.3 Analysis 23
4 Conclusion and Applications 25
4.1 Conclusion 25
4.2 Applications in Civil Engineering 26
References 27
Comparing Sensors for Feature Extraction 28
1 Introduction 29
2 Materials and Methods 30
3 Results 31
4 Discussion 34
5 Conclusions 34
References 35
Survey in Closed Environments Through UAS Technology. Methodological Approaches to the Study and Image Processing of Religious Furnishings 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Related Works 38
2.1 Case Study 38
3 TLS and UAV Technology: Problems and Resolutions 40
3.1 Data Processing 42
4 3D Modelling and Formal-Geometric Analysis 44
5 Conclusions 44
References 46
Integration of Lidar Data in Topographical Feature Extraction from Very High-Resolution Aerial Imagery 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Study Area and Data Resources 49
3 Methodology 49
4 Results and Discussions 51
5 Conclusions 52
References 52
Automatic Extraction of Roads from UAV Using Thresholding and Morphometric Parameters 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Study Area 55
3 Methodology 56
4 Results 56
5 Conclusions 59
References 60
Detection of Water Body Using Very High-Resolution UAV SAR and Sentinel-2 Images 61
1 Introduction 62
2 Study Area and Data Sources 63
3 Methodology 63
4 Results and Analysis 66
5 Conclusion 67
References 72
Comparative Study on Crop Type Classification Using Support Vector Machine on UAV Imagery 74
1 Introduction 74
1.1 Support Vector Machine 75
2 Study Area 77
3 Datasets and Methodology 78
3.1 Datasets 78
3.2 Methodology 78
4 Results and Discussion 80
4.1 Orthomosaic 80
4.2 Classification and Accuracy assessment 81
5 Conclusion 83
References 83
Drone-Based Sensing for Leaf Area Index Estimation of Citrus Canopy 85
1 Introduction 86
2 Materials and Methods 87
2.1 Site Description, Ground Truth LAI, and Acquisition of Images from UAV 87
2.2 Green Canopy Cover and LAI Estimation from Drone-Based Images 90
3 Results and Discussion 92
3.1 Comparison of Estimated LAI with Its Ground Truth 92
3.2 Critical Analysis of the Limiting Factors of LAI Estimation 93
References 94
Dynamics of Target Detection Using Drone Based Hyperspectral Imagery 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Method and Materials 97
2.1 Target Detector Algorithms 97
2.2 Experimental Design 99
3 Results and Discussion 100
4 Conclusion 101
References 102
Blockchain and UAV: Security, Challenges and Research Issues 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Scope and Objective 104
3 Overview of Blockchain and UAANET 105
3.1 Architecture of Block-Chain 105
3.2 UAV Communication Architectures 105
3.3 UAANET as a Subset of MANET 107
3.4 Model Algorithm to Implement Blockchain in UAANET 107
4 UAANET Security Requirement and Challenges 108
4.1 Vulnerabilities in UAANETs 108
4.2 Existing Attacks in UAANET 108
5 Research Issues and Current Projects 109
5.1 UAV and Blockchain Together: Projects Around World 110
6 Conclusion 110
References 111
Placement Optimization of Surveillance Cameras: Visibility Analysis 112
1 Introduction 112
1.1 UAV 112
1.2 Visibility Analysis 113
1.3 Camera Surveillance 113
1.4 Isovists in Visibility Analysis 113
2 Study Area and Datasets 114
2.1 Study Area 114
3 Methodology and Data Preparation 115
3.1 Flight Planning and Image Acquisition 116
3.2 Image Processing 116
3.3 DSM and Orthomosaic Generation 116
3.4 Data Preparation for the Sample Area 116
3.5 Sample Camera Locations 117
3.6 Model Creation and Application 120
3.7 Visibility Map Generation 122
4 Results 122
5 Conclusion 122
References 124
Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Damage Assessment of a Cultural Heritage Monument 125
1 Introduction 126
2 Study Area and Data Set 127
3 Methodology 128
4 Results and Discussions 130
5 Conclusion 132
References 132
Conceptual Design and Comparative CFD Analyses on Unmanned Amphibious Vehicle for Crack Detection 134
1 Introduction 135
1.1 Unmanned Amphibious Vehicle (UAV) 135
1.2 Objective 136
2 Design Methodologies Involved in UAV 136
2.1 Introduction 136
2.2 UAV Requirements—Important Parameters for UAV 137
2.3 Design of an Advanced UAV 137
2.4 Composite Material 138
3 Computational Analysis Results 138
3.1 Hydrodynamic Analysis 139
3.2 Aerodynamic Analysis 139
3.3 Comparative Analysis 142
4 Health Monitoring Using Unmanned Amphibious Vehicle 145
4.1 Crack Detection on Dam Using Image Processing 145
5 Conclusion 149
References 149
Conceptual Design and Optimization of Flexible Landing Gear for Tilt-Hexacopter Using CFD 151
1 Advanced Multi-rotor UAV 151
2 Conceptual Design Study 152
2.1 Design Tool 152
2.2 Tilt-Hexacopter Without Landing Gear 152
2.3 Tilt-Hexacopter with Model-1 Landing Gear 153
2.4 Tilt-Hexacopter with Model-2 Landing Gear 154
3 Numerical Simulation 155
3.1 Introduction 155
3.2 Boundary Condition 156
3.3 Result 157
3.4 Comparative Analysis of Forces 167
4 Conclusion 173
References 174
Review of Inpainting Techniques for UAV Images 175
1 Introduction 175
1.1 Image Inpainting Problem 176
2 Image Inpainting Techniques 177
2.1 Diffusion Based Image Inpainting 177
2.2 Texture Based Image Inpainting 178
2.3 Exemplar Based Inpainting 179
2.4 Hybrid Based Inpainting 180
2.5 CNN based inpainting 182
3 Quality Assessment Measures for Inpainted Image 182
3.1 Structure Based 184
3.2 Saliency Based 185
4 Conclusion 187
References 187
A Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Design for Quadcopter 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Mathematical Model of Quadcopter 191
3 Design Procedure of Controller 192
4 Results and Discussion 194
5 Conclusions 196
References 198
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Vulnerability to Cyber Attacks 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Vulnerabilities 201
2.1 Transceiver Level 201
2.2 Control Center Level 202
2.3 Communication Channel Level 202
3 Types of Attacks 202
3.1 Active Attacks 203
3.2 Passive Attacks 203
4 Attacks and Their Risk Factors 203
4.1 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 203
4.2 Denial of Service Attack 205
4.3 Command Injection Attack 205
4.4 Privilege Escalation Attack 206
4.5 IP Spoofing Attack 206
5 Cyber Attacks on UAVs 206
6 Prevention of Vulnerabilities in UAV 207
6.1 Communication Channel Level 207
6.2 Transceiver Level 207
6.3 Control Center Level 207
7 Results 208
8 Conclusion 208
References 209
Perpetual Solar Potential of a Village by Machine Learning and Feature Extraction in UAV 211
1 Introduction 211
1.1 Study Area 212
2 Methodology and Discussion 212
2.1 Data Required 212
2.2 Solar Radiation and Potential 213
3 Estimation 214
3.1 Automatic Feature Extraction Technique 216
4 Suitable Location of Solar Panels 217
5 Conclusion 218
References 221
Comparison of Performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) in the Classification of Land Cover Zones of Urban Slum Region 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Study Area 224
3 Methodology 224
3.1 Workflow 224
3.2 Data Collection and Preprocessing 224
3.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 225
3.4 Random Forest 228
3.5 Accuracy Assessment 229
4 Result and Discussion 230
5 Conclusion 232
References 232
Identification of Urban Slums Using Classification Algorithms—A Geospatial Approach 234
1 Introduction 235
1.1 Identification of Urban Slums 235
1.2 Analysis of Point Cloud Information 236
1.3 Classification Algorithms—An Overview 236
2 Study Area and Datasets 237
3 Methods 238
3.1 Selection of Training Samples 238
3.2 Orthomosaic Dataset Classification 239
3.3 Processing LAS Dataset 242
4 Results and Discussion 243
4.1 Analysis of Classified Results 243
4.2 Accuracy Assessment 243
4.3 Analysis of Point Cloud Classified Results 243
4.4 Validating Classified Results from Orthomosaic and Point Cloud Datasets 245
4.5 Discussion 247
4.6 Future Works 248
5 Conclusion 248
References 248
Estimation of Forest Tree Heights and Crown Diameter Using High Resolution Images from UAV: A Case Study of Kalesar, Haryana 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Study Area and Dataset 251
3 Methodology 252
3.1 Creation of Canopy Height Model 254
3.2 Calculation of Tree Heights 254
3.3 Inverse Watershed Segmentation 256
4 Results and Discussion 256
4.1 Canopy Height Model 256
4.2 Estimated Height of Forest Trees 257
4.3 Estimated Crown Diameter 258
5 Conclusion 258
References 259
Object Based Automatic Detection of Urban Buildings Using UAV Images 261
1 Introduction 262
2 Study Area and Datasets 263
3 Methodology 263
3.1 Object Based Classification 265
3.2 Multiresolution Segmentation 265
3.3 Rule Based Classification 266
4 Accuracy Assessment 267
5 Results and Analysis 268
5.1 Object Based Image Classification 268
5.2 Multiresolution Segmentation 268
5.3 Rule Based Classification 269
5.4 Accuracy Assessment 270
6 Discussion 271
7 Conclusion 272
References 272
Micro Level Hydrological Planning and Assessment of Tank Irrigation System 275
1 Introduction 276
2 Study Area 276
3 Methodology 277
3.1 UAV Images 278
3.2 Channel Extraction 278
3.3 Rainfall-Runoff Modelling 279
3.4 Crop Water Requirement 280
4 Results and Discussion 281
4.1 Channel Extraction 281
4.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modelling 281
4.3 Crop Water Requirement 281
5 Conclusion 283
References 284
Cost-Effective Real-Time Aerial Surveillance System Using Edge Computing 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Related Work 286
3 Proposed Methodology 287
3.1 System Overview 287
3.2 Edge Computing On-Board Motion Detection 289
3.3 Cloud Based Object Detection 289
3.4 User Interface 290
4 Experimental Result and Analysis 290
4.1 Experimental Setup 290
4.2 Results and Analysis 292
5 Conclusion 294
References 295
The Potential of UAV Based Remote Sensing for Monitoring Hindu Kush Himalayan Glaciers 296
1 Introduction 297
2 Literature Review 298
3 Changes in Himalayan Glacier and the Need for UAV Based Studies 299
4 Applications of UAV for Monitoring Himalayan Glacier 300
4.1 Mass Balance Analysis 300
4.2 Monitoring Debris-Covered Glaciers 301
4.3 GLOF Studies 302
4.4 Temporal Change Analysis 302
4.5 Geomorphological Mapping 303
4.6 Other Applications 303
5 Benefits and Challenges 304
6 Conclusion 304
References 305
A Review of UAV Regulations and Policies in India 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Background 311
3 Methodology 311
4 Database 312
5 International Context: UAV Regulation Across the World 312
6 Analysis 312
7 National Context: UAV Regulation in India 313
8 Current Regulations (Drone Policy 1.0) 313
9 Proposed Regulations (Drone Policy 2.0) 318
10 Future Trends and Challenges 319
11 Conclusion 320
References 320
Multi Frequency Polarimetric Decomposition of UAVSAR Data 321
1 Introduction 322
2 Study Area 322
3 Dataset 323
4 Methodology 324
5 Results 328
References 331
Analyzing the Effect of Distribution Pattern and Number of GCPs on Overall Accuracy of UAV Photogrammetric Results 332
1 Introduction 333
2 Related Work 333
3 Methodology 334
4 Workflow 335
4.1 Number of GCPs and their Distribution Pattern 336
5 Preprocessing 338
6 Results and Discussions 339
6.1 Quantitative Analysis 339
6.2 Qualitative Analysis 343
7 Conclusion 346
References 346
CityGML Based 3D Modeling of Urban Area Using UAV Dataset for Estimation of Solar Potential 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Study Area and Data Used 350
2.1 Study Area 350
2.2 Data Used 350
3 Methodology 351
4 Results and Discussion 352
4.1 City Information Model Geodatabase 352
4.2 Normalized Differential Surface Model (nDSM) 352
4.3 Building and Tree Height Estimation 353
4.4 CityGML Based 3D Urban City Model 353
4.5 Shadow Analysis 355
4.6 Solar Potential Estimation 355
5 Conclusion 360
References 360
Comparative Computational Analysis on High Stable Hexacopter for Long Range Applications 361
1 Multi-rotor UAV 361
1.1 Studies on Inclined Arm Hexacopter 362
2 Conceptual Design 362
2.1 Design Stability 362
2.2 Modeling of Conceptual Design in CATIA 362
3 Numerical Simulation 365
3.1 Initialization of Numerical Simulation 365
3.2 Boundary Conditions 365
4 Result and Discussion 380
4.1 At 5 m/s 380
4.2 At 10 m/s 381
5 Conclusion 381
References 382
A Summarization of Collision Avoidance Techniques for Autonomous Navigation of UAV 384
1 Introduction 384
2 Related Work 385
3 Review on Collision Avoidance Methods 386
3.1 Geometry Based Collision Avoidance Methods 387
3.2 Sense and Avoid Collision Avoidance Methods 388
3.3 Optimization-Based Collision Avoidance Methods 388
3.4 Potential Field Collision Avoidance Approaches 389
3.5 Vision Based Collision Avoidance Methods 389
4 Summary 390
5 Conclusion 390
References 390
Developing Intelligent Fire Alarm System and Need of UAV 393
1 Introduction 394
2 Background 394
3 Developing Intelligent Fire Alarm System 395
4 Technical Specification of the Prototype of IFD Is as Follows 398
5 Overall Algorithm for the UAV-IFAS 398
6 Results and Discussion 400
7 Conclusion 402
References 404
Smart Agriculture: The Age of Drones in Agriculture 405
1 Introduction 406
1.1 LiDAR 406
1.2 Multi-spectral and Hyper-spectral 406
1.3 Thermal 406
2 Advantages 407
3 Prior Research 407
3.1 Honeycomb AgDrone System 408
3.2 EBEE SQ-SenseFly 408
3.3 DJI Agras MG-1 409
4 Concept and Methodology 410
5 Future Work 412
6 Summary 412
References 414