Photorefractive Materials for Dynamic Optical Recording (eBook)

JAIME FREJLICH, Ph.D., received his PhD in Physics at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, France, in 1977. He then started working as an Assistant Professor at "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics at State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and retired as a Full Professor in 2016. He passed away in October 2019 after preparing this book. His research interests were in photorefractive materials, their effects, processes, and applications.

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xxxiii

Preface xxxv

Acknowledgments xxxvii

Part I Fundamentals 1

1 Electro-Optic Effect 5

1.1 Light Propagation in Crystals 5

1.2 Tensorial Analysis 8

1.3 Electro-Optic Effect 8

1.4 Perovskite Crystals 11

1.5 Sillenite Crystals 11

1.6 Concluding Remarks 17

2 Photoactive Centers and Photoconductivity 19

2.1 Photoactive Centers: Deep and Shallow Traps 20

2.2 Luminescence 28

2.3 Photoconductivity 29

2.4 Photovoltaic Effect 40

2.5 Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effect 44

2.6 Light-Induced Absorption or Photochromic Effect 48

2.7 Dember or Light-Induced Schottky Effect 51

Part II Holographic Recording 55

3 Recording a Space-Charge Electric Field 57

3.1 Index-of-Refraction Modulation 60

3.2 General Formulation 63

3.3 First Spatial Harmonic Approximation 66

3.4 Steady-State Nonstationary Process: Running Holograms 72

3.5 Photovoltaic Materials 84

4 Volume HologramwithWave Mixing 89

4.1 CoupledWaveTheory: Fixed Grating 89

4.2 Dynamic CoupledWaveTheory 92

4.3 Phase Modulation 115

4.4 Four-Wave Mixing 119

4.5 Conclusions 120

5 Anisotropic Diffraction 121

5.1 Coupled-Wave with Anisotropic Diffraction 121

5.2 Anisotropic Diffraction and Optical Activity 122

6 Stabilized Holographic Recording 125

6.1 Introduction 125

6.2 Mathematical Formulation 127

6.3 Self-Stabilized Recording in Actual Materials 135

Part III Materials Characterization 151

7 General Electrical and Optical Techniques 155

7.1 Electro-Optic Coefficient 155

7.2 Light-Induced Absorption 157

7.3 Dark Conductivity 161

7.4 Photoconductivity 162

7.5 Photo-Electric Conversion 173

7.6 Modulated Photoconductivity 175

7.7 Photo-Electromotive-Force Techniques (PEMF) 178

8 Holographic Techniques 189

8.1 Holographic Recording and Erasing 189

8.2 Direct Holographic Techniques 189

8.3 Hologram Recording 195

8.4 Hologram Erasure 195

8.5 Materials 197

8.6 Phase Modulation Techniques 205

8.7 Holographic Photo-Electromotive-Force (HPEMF) Techniques 218

9 Self-Stabilized Holographic Techniques 229

9.1 Holographic Phase Shift 229

9.2 Fringe-Locked Running Holograms 232

9.3 Characterization of LiNbO3:Fe 239

Part IV Applications 243

10 Vibrations and Deformations 245

10.1 Measurement of Vibration and Deformation 245

10.2 Experimental Setup 246

11 Fixed Holograms 257

11.1 Introduction 257

11.2 Fixed Holograms in LiNbO3 257

12 Photoelectric Conversion 263

12.1 Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency: Dember and Photovoltaic Effects 263

Part V Appendix 265

Introduction 266

Appendix A Reversible Real-Time Holograms 267

A.1 Naked-Eye Detection 267

A.2 Instrumental Detection 268

Appendix B Diffraction EfficiencyMeasurement 271

B.1 Angular Bragg Selectivity 271

B.2 Reversible Holograms 274

B.3 High Index-of-Refraction Material 275

Appendix C Effectively Applied Electric Field 279

Appendix D PhysicalMeaning of Some Parameters 281

D.1 Temperature 281

D.2 Diffusion and Mobility 284

Appendix E Photodiodes 287

E.1 Photovoltaic Regime 288

E.2 Photoconductive Regime 289

E.3 Operational Amplifier 290

Bibliography 291

Index 305