Food Microbiology (eBook)

Karl R. Matthews is a professor of microbial food safety at Rutgers University. He received a PhD from the University of Kentucky in 1988. Dr. Matthews has earned an international reputation for his work on the interaction of foodborne pathogens with fresh fruits and vegetables. This includes demonstrating the internal localization of bacteria during growth of leafy greens. He further showed that the internalization process is a passive event by demonstrating the internalization of fluorescent polystyrene beads. Dr. Matthews has also been active in research on antimicrobial resistance of foodborne bacteria and development of novel antimicrobial agents. Kalmia E. Kniel is a professor of microbial food safety in the Department of Animal and Food Sciences at the University of Delaware She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in Food Science and Technology in 2002. Her doctoral work focused on protozoan parasites. After that, she was a postdoctoral microbiologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service's Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory. She is nationally recognized as a leading expert in transmission of viruses, protozoa, and bacteria in the preharvest environment. Dr. Kniel has been active in researching the mechanisms behind the survival and inactivation of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, and other enteric viruses in our water and foods. She is an active advocate for teaching food safety at all levels and has been involved with elementary and secondary education. At the University of Delaware, she teaches courses on foodborne outbreak investigations and the basics of food science and food safety from farm to fork. Thomas J. Montville is a distinguished professor emeritus at Rutgers University, where he received his BS in 1975. Dr. Montville received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and then worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a research microbiologist before returning to Rutgers as a professor. He has published over 100 research papers on Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, antimicrobial peptides, and Bacillus anthracis. Dr. Montville is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and a fellow of the Institute of Food Technologists.

Preface xv

About the Authors xvii

SECTION 1 BASICS OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

Chapter 1 The Trajectory of Food Microbiology 3

Chapter 2 Microbial Growth, Survival, and Death in Foods 13

Chapter 3 Spores and Their Significance 49

Chapter 4 Detection and Enumeration of Microbes in Food 69

Chapter 5 Rapid and Automated Microbial Methods 81

Chapter 6 Indicator Microorganisms and Microbiological Criteria 99

SECTION 2 FOODBORNE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Chapter 7 Regulatory Issues 121

Chapter 8 Bacillus cereus 145

Chapter 9 Campylobacter Species 157

Chapter 10 Clostridium botulinum 167

Chapter 11 Clostridium perfringens 189

Chapter 12 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 203

Chapter 13 Listeria monoctyogenes 223

Chapter 14 Salmonella Species 243

Chapter 15 Shigella Species 261

Chapter 16 Staphylococcus aureus 271

Chapter 17 Vibrio Species 285

Chapter 18 Yersinia enterocolitica 297

SECTION 3 OTHER MICROBES IMPORTANT IN FOOD

Chapter 19 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Fermentation Products 311

Chapter 20 Yeast-Based and Other Fermentations 327

Chapter 21 Spoilage Organisms 343

Chapter 22 Molds 373

Chapter 23 Parasites 391

Chapter 24 Viruses and Prions 427
SECTION 4 CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD

Chapter 25 Chemical Antimicrobials 457

Chapter 26 Biologically Based Preservation and Probiotic Bacteria 475

Chapter 27 Physical Methods of Food Preservation 489

Chapter 28 Nonthermal Processing 507

Chapter 29 Sanitation and Related Practices 527

Critical Thinking Skills 549

Useful Websites for Food Safety Information 553

Glossary 555

Answers to Crossword Puzzles 565

Answers to Selected Questions for Critical Thought 567

Index 585