Nanobiotechnology in Neurodegenerative Diseases (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Chapter 1: Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Real Problem and Nanobiotechnological Solutions 13
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases 15
1.2.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 15
1.2.2 Parkinson’s Disease 16
1.3 Nanomaterials and Biomedical Applications 16
1.4 Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 17
1.5 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Transport across the Blood–Brain Barrier 21
1.6 Role of Nanosized Exosomes in the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases 21
1.7 Nanobiosensor for Rapid Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases 23
1.8 Conclusion 24
References 25
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology at the Rescue of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Tools for Early Diagnostic 30
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Nanoparticles in Functional Investigation of Brain Vascular System Physiology and Physiopathology 34
2.2.1 Testing the Integrity of the BBB with NPs: Leakage and Microbleed 34
2.2.2 Blood Flow, Volume, and Vascular Density 35
2.2.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymphatic Drainage of the Brain 35
2.2.4 Oxygen Level Detection 36
2.2.5 Vascular Imaging Enhancement with NPs 36
2.3 Nanoparticles in Functional Investigation of Healthy, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Brain Parenchyma 36
2.3.1 Brain Parenchyma, ECM, and Diffusion 37
2.3.2 Glucose Sensing 37
2.3.3 Functional Mapping of Brain Activity 38
2.3.3.1 Neurotransmitter 38
2.3.3.2 Neurotransmitter Receptor Investigations 39
2.3.3.3 Other Functional Investigations 40
2.3.4 Neuroinflammation and Immune Cell Infiltration 40
2.3.5 Nanoprobes to Detect ROS and NOS Levels and Production 41
2.4 Nanoparticles for Functional Investigation of Alzheimer’s Disease Markers 42
2.4.1 Detection and Imaging of Amyloid Plaques 42
2.4.1.1 Strategies with Facilitation of BBB Crossing 44
2.4.1.2 Strategies without Facilitation of BBB Crossing 45
2.4.2 Detection of Cerebral Angiopathy Amyloid 46
2.4.3 Detection of Tau Phosphorylation and Aggregation 47
2.5 Nanoparticles in Functional Investigation of Parkinson’s Disease and Other NDDs 47
2.5.1 Dopamine and Dopamine Receptor Detection 49
2.5.2 ?-Synuclein Detection in PD 49
2.5.3 Multiple Sclerosis 49
2.5.4 Huntington’s Disease 50
2.6 Perspectives and Outlook 51
References 53
Chapter 3: The Role of Nanomedicine in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.1.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases 60
3.1.2 Nanoscience 61
3.1.3 Nanobiomaterials 61
3.1.4 Polymeric Micelles and Other Nanoparticles 62
3.1.5 Disease Therapy 63
3.2 Recent Developments in the Treatment of ND Using Nanomaterials 64
3.3 Cell-Mediated Delivery of Nanocarriers to the Brain 65
3.4 Nanogels 69
3.5 Other Nanomaterials 70
3.6 Nanorobots 71
3.7 Conclusion 71
References 71
Chapter 4: Nanobiotechnology in Neurodegenerative Diseases 75
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Pathology, Phenotype, and Biochemistry 77
4.3 Agents for Relieving Parkinson’s Disease 81
4.3.1 Antiparkinsonics Drugs 82
4.3.1.1 Dopamine and DOPA-Decarboxylase Inhibitors 82
4.3.1.2 Monoamine Oxidase B and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors 84
4.3.1.3 Agonists of Dopamine Receptors 85
4.3.2 Antiparkinson Experimental Nanoformulations 90
4.4 Anti-Alzheimer’s Drugs 95
4.4.1 Drugs Approved for Alzheimer’s Disease 96
4.4.1.1 Competitive Cholinesterase Inhibitors 96
4.4.1.2 Noncompetitive Cholinesterase Inhibitors 99
4.4.1.3 NMDA Receptor Antagonists 101
4.4.2 Nanoformulations of Experimental Anti-AD Compounds 102
4.4.3 Effect of NPs on Tau Protein 112
4.5 Other Diseases 116
4.5.1 Huntington’s Disease 116
4.5.2 Wilson’s Disease 118
4.5.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 118
4.5.4 Multiple Sclerosis 119
4.6 Nanobiosensors for Detection Neurodegenerative Diseases 119
4.7 Conclusion 122
References 123
Chapter 5: Application of Mycogenic Nanoparticles Against Neurodegenerative Diseases 149
5.1 Introduction 150
5.2 Promising Fungi for Production of Nanoparticles 151
5.3 Advantages of Fungal Nanoparticles Biosynthesis 155
5.3.1 Intracellular Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 156
5.3.2 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 157
5.3.3 General Protocols for Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 157
5.4 Strategies for Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles 160
5.5 Bio-Functionalization of Nanoparticles Mediated by Biomacromolecules During Fungal Biosynthesis 161
5.6 Fungal Nanoparticles Applied in Neurodegenerative Diseases 163
5.7 Conclusions 166
References 166
Chapter 6: Nanotechnology-Mediated Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery for Neurodegenerative Disorders 173
6.1 Introduction 174
6.2 Nanotechnology-Mediated Nose-To-Brain Drug Delivery for Neurodegenerative Disorders 175
6.2.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 175
6.2.2 Parkinson’s Disease 176
6.3 Desirable Properties of Nanoparticles for Nose-To-Brain Drug Delivery 179
6.4 Pathways and Mechanisms for Nose-To-Brain Delivery of Nanomaterials 180
6.5 Transport Efficacy of Nanomaterials in Nose-To-Brain Drug Delivery 180
6.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 182
References 182
Chapter 7: Nanobiotechnology in Parkinson’s Disease 186
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Current Diagnostic Strategies 188
7.2.1 Diagnostic Test 189
7.3 Treatment 190
7.3.1 Emerging Treatments 191
7.4 Nanobiotechnology as an Emerging Tool 191
7.5 Nanotechnology for PD Diagnosis 192
7.5.1 Hybrid Nanosystems for PD Diagnosis 193
7.5.1.1 Antibody-Based Diagnostics 194
In Vivo Detection 194
Detection in Biological Samples 194
Oligomer-Based Diagnosis 195
7.5.1.2 Gold Nanorod-Based Diagnosis 195
7.5.2 Exosomes for PD Diagnosis 196
7.5.2.1 Exosomes from Human Plasma 196
7.5.2.2 Exosomes from Cerebrospinal Fluid 197
7.5.2.3 Exosomes from Saliva 197
7.6 Nanotechnology for PD Treatment 197
7.6.1 Polymeric NPs 199
7.6.1.1 Neurotrophic Factor Therapies 199
7.6.1.2 Antioxidant Therapies 200
7.6.1.3 Other Neuroprotective Therapies 202
7.6.2 Liposomes for PD Treatment 203
7.6.2.1 Neurotrophic Factor Therapies 203
7.6.3 Solid Lipids NPs for PD Treatment 205
7.6.3.1 Neurotrophic Factor Therapies 205
7.6.3.2 Antioxidant Therapies 205
7.6.4 Inorganic NPs for PD Treatment 206
7.6.4.1 Antioxidant Therapies 206
7.6.5 Hybrid Nanosystems for PD Treatment 207
7.6.5.1 Neurotrophic Factor Therapies 207
7.6.5.2 Antioxidant Therapies 207
7.6.5.3 Anti ?-Synuclein Therapy 207
7.6.6 Quantum Dots for PD Treatment 208
7.6.6.1 Anti ?-Synuclein Aggregation Therapy 208
7.6.7 Exosomes for PD Treatment 208
7.7 Concluding Remarks 209
References 210
Chapter 8: Selenium Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases 218
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Applications of Selenium Nanoparticles 220
8.2.1 Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of SeNPs 220
8.2.2 Bacterial-Assisted Synthesis of SeNPs 221
8.2.3 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of SeNPs 224
8.3 Biomedical Applications of SeNPs Synthesized Using Physical and Chemical Methods 225
8.4 Neurodegenerative Disorders 227
8.4.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 227
8.5 Oxidative Stress 228
8.5.1 Role of Selenium on Oxidative Stress 228
8.5.2 Role of Selenium Nanoparticles in NDs 229
8.6 Conclusion 231
References 231
Chapter 9: Role of Supermagnetic Nanoparticles in Alzheimer Disease 234
9.1 Introduction 235
9.2 Biomedical Applications of IONPs 236
9.2.1 Antibacterial and Antifungal Applications 236
9.2.2 Anticancer and Cancer Theranostics 240
9.2.3 Vectors for Drug Delivery 242
9.2.4 Wound-Healing Effect 242
9.2.5 Immunoassay 243
9.2.6 Neuroprotective Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles 243
9.3 Conclusion 245
References 246
Chapter 10: Nanomedicines for Improved Antiretroviral Therapy in Neuro-AIDS 250
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 HIV and Neuro-AIDS 252
10.2.1 Structure, Lifecycle of HIV, and Potential Targets of Antiretroviral Drug Activity 253
10.2.2 Neuro-AIDS 254
10.2.2.1 CNS as a Targets and Reservoirs of HIV 255
10.2.2.2 Barriers of the CNS and the HIV Entry 256
10.2.3 Shortcomings of Current Treatment 259
10.3 Nanomedicines in Neuro-AIDS Treatment 260
10.3.1 Nanocarrier in the Antiretroviral Therapy 261
10.3.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 261
10.3.1.2 Liposomes 266
10.3.1.3 Dendrimers 266
10.3.1.4 Polymeric Micelles 267
10.3.1.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 267
10.3.1.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 268
10.3.1.7 Magnetic Nanoparticles 268
10.3.1.8 Surface-Modified and Cell-Based Nanovehicles 269
10.3.1.9 Prodrug and Conjugate Strategies 269
10.3.1.10 Miscellaneous 270
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 271
References 273
Chapter 11: Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Diseases 276
11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 Advent of Nanotechnology 279
11.3 Nanocarriers 279
11.3.1 Transport of Nanoparticles Across the BBB 281
11.3.2 Nanomaterials Aided Drug Release 282
11.3.3 Drug Delivery Using Colloidal Nanoparticles 283
11.3.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNP) 283
11.3.4.1 Preparation Methods 284
Emulsion Polymerization 285
Interfacial Polymerization 285
Denaturation and Desolvation 286
11.3.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNPs) 286
11.3.6 Silica NPs 287
11.3.7 Dendrimers 287
11.3.8 Nanocomposite Hydrogels (NC Hydrogels) and Nanogels 288
11.3.9 Nanoemulsions 288
11.3.10 Liposomes 289
11.3.11 Micelles 289
11.4 Nanocarriers in Neurodegenerative Diseases 289
11.4.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 289
11.4.2 Parkinson’s Disease 290
11.4.3 Huntington’s Disease 290
11.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 290
References 291
Chapter 12: Gold Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 297
12.1 Introduction 298
12.1.1 Nanotechnolgy and Nanoparticles 298
12.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 298
12.3 Alzheimer’s Disease 305
12.4 Nanoparticles in the Edge of Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier Hurdle to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases 305
12.5 Engineered Gold Nanoparticles Used as Biomarkers for AD Diagnostics 306
12.6 Gold Nanoparticles Employed for Targeting and Inhibiting Amyloid Fibrils in AD 307
12.7 Potentials and Hope of Gold Nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment 309
12.8 Conclusion 310
References 311
Chapter 13: Nanolipidic Carriers as Potential Drug Delivery Vehicles in Alzheimer’s Disease 315
13.1 Introduction 316
13.1.1 Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease 317
13.1.2 Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease 319
13.1.3 Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease 320
13.1.4 Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease 320
13.1.5 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A Potential Precursor to Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias 321
13.2 Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease 321
13.2.1 The Amyloid Hypothesis 321
13.2.2 Tau Protein 322
13.2.3 Cholinergic-Deficit Hypothesis 322
13.2.4 Glial Cell Involvement in AD Pathophysiology 323
13.2.5 Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease 324
13.2.6 Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s Disease 324
13.2.7 NMDA (Glutamate) Receptor 324
13.3 Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease 325
13.3.1 Disease-Modifying Agents 325
13.3.1.1 Amyloid Treatment 325
13.3.1.2 Treatments Based on Tau Pathology 327
13.3.2 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants 328
13.3.3 Chelating Agents 329
13.3.4 Nicotine 329
13.3.5 Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) 330
13.3.6 Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy 330
13.3.7 Cholinergic Precursors 330
13.3.8 Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors 331
13.3.9 Miscellaneous Agents 331
13.4 Drug Delivery Approaches for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Alzheimer Drugs 332
13.5 Role of BBB in CNS Targeting 335
13.5.1 How BBB Breakdown Affects Drug Delivery 341
13.5.2 Transport Mechanism of Nanolipidic Carriers Across BBB 341
13.5.3 Implications for Drug Therapy in AD 342
13.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 342
References 343
Chapter 14: Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations as Therapeutic for Alzheimer’s Disease 350
14.1 Introduction 350
14.2 Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease 352
14.3 Treatment Options for Alzheimer’s Disease 352
14.4 Why Curcumin for Alzheimer’s Disease? 353
14.5 Unique Diagnostic Capability of Curcumin 355
14.6 Insight into the Anti-Alzheimer’s Mechanisms of Curcumin 356
14.6.1 Based on Its Anti-inflammatory Activity 356
14.6.2 Based on Its Anti-oxidative Activity 358
14.6.3 Based on Its Anti-amyloid Activity 359
14.6.4 Based on Cholesterol-Lowering Properties 360
14.6.5 Based on Metal Chelator Activities 360
14.7 Inherent Challenges with Curcumin 361
14.8 Clinical Trials of Curcumin 361
14.9 Why Nanotechnology? 364
14.10 Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations in Research and Market 365
14.11 Conclusions 369
References 369
Chapter 15: Nanopharmaceuticals for the Improved Treatment of Cerebral Stroke 375
15.1 Introduction 376
15.2 Current Ischemic Stroke Treatment 377
15.3 Nanomedicine in Ischemic Stroke Treatment 379
15.3.1 Transport of NPs through the BBB 379
15.3.2 Liposomes for Ischemic Stroke 379
15.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 382
15.3.4 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 383
15.3.5 Nanofiber Scaffolds and Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofibers 384
15.3.6 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 385
15.3.7 Dendrimers 385
15.3.8 Nanotubes 386
15.3.9 Carboxyfullerenes 386
15.4 Nanomedicine in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Treatment 387
15.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 387
15.4.2 Scaffolds 387
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 388
References 388
Index 392