Signal Processing Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Communication Systems (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 8
Acronyms 13
3 13
5 13
6 13
A 13
B 14
C 14
D 14
E 14
F 15
G 15
H 15
I 15
K 16
L 16
M 16
N 16
O 17
P 17
Q 17
R 17
S 18
T 18
U 18
W 18
Z 19
Part I Definitions and Models 20
1 Introduction 21
1.1 Motivation: 5G Wireless Systems and Its Requirements 21
1.2 Basic Components of the Communication System 23
1.3 Implementation Issues 25
1.4 Main Contributions of the Book 26
1.5 Outline of the Book 26
References 27
2 Digital Block and RF Front-End Models 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Metrics for Wireless Communication Systems 30
2.2.1 Link Budget 30
2.2.2 Nonlinearities 31
2.2.3 Noise Figure 33
2.2.4 Error Vector Magnitude 34
2.3 Wireless Channel Models 34
2.3.1 Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time 36
2.4 Baseband Block: Multicarrier Modulation 37
2.5 Power Amplifiers: Nonlinear Distortion 39
2.5.1 PAPR and Power Efficiency 40
2.5.2 Power Amplifier Models 42
2.5.2.1 Memoryless Power Amplifier Models 42
2.5.2.2 Power Amplifier Models with Memory 44
2.6 Low Noise Amplifiers 44
2.7 Mixers: Phase and Amplitude Imbalances 45
2.8 Local Oscillator: Phase Noise 47
2.8.1 Millimeter-Wave Phase Noise Modeling 49
2.9 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) 51
2.9.1 ADC: Performance Metrics 51
2.9.2 Metrics of Spectral Purity 52
2.9.3 Transfer Function Linearity Metrics 52
2.10 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) 54
2.10.1 Binary Weighed DAC 54
2.10.2 Segmented DAC 55
2.11 Summary of the Key Points 55
References 55
3 Energy Consumption 58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency 59
3.3 Digital Block and Front-End Power Consumption Models 62
3.3.1 Radio Frequency Front-End 62
3.3.2 Baseband Processing 68
3.4 ADC: Power Consumption, Resolution, and Sampling Frequency Trade-Off 71
3.4.1 ADC Figures of Merit and Approximate Power Consumption 72
3.4.2 Lower Bound on Power Consumption for Noise-Limited ADCs 73
3.5 Short-Range and Long-Range Links 74
3.6 Power Consumption Scaling 78
3.6.1 Bandwidth Dependence 79
3.6.2 Number of Antennas 80
3.6.3 Data Rate (Constellation Size) 80
3.7 Energy Efficiency of Digital Compensation Techniques 81
3.8 Summary of the Key Points 83
References 83
Part II Digital Compensation Techniques 87
4 Power Amplifiers 88
4.1 Power Amplifiers and Multicarrier Signals 88
4.1.1 Operation Point: Power Consumption vs Distortion Trade-Off 89
4.2 Linearization Techniques 91
4.3 Figures of Merit: In-Band and Out-of-Band Distortion 93
4.4 Digital Predistortion Techniques 94
4.4.1 Baseband Predistortion Techniques: Implementation Issues 96
4.5 Receiver-Side Compensation Techniques 98
4.5.1 Decision-Aided Reconstruction of Clipped Signals 98
4.5.2 Power Amplifier Nonlinearity Cancellation (PANC) 99
4.6 A Case of Study: Linearization of Class AB and Envelope Tracking PAs 104
4.6.1 Partitioned Predistorter 104
4.6.1.1 Partitioned DPD Parameter Estimation 105
4.6.2 Partitions Allocations 107
4.6.2.1 Input Distribution-Based Partition Allocation 108
4.6.2.2 ? Law Partitions Allocation 110
4.6.2.3 Iterative Partitions Allocation Technique 111
4.6.3 Numerical Evaluation 111
4.7 Summary of the Key Points 115
References 115
5 ADC in Broadband Communications 120
5.1 ADC Architectures 120
5.1.1 Flash: High Conversion Speed, Low Resolution 121
5.1.2 SAR: High Resolution, Low Conversion Speed 122
5.1.3 Sigma-Delta: Higher Resolution with Low Quantization, Oversampling, and Noise Shaping 122
5.1.4 Combined Structures 123
5.1.4.1 Pipelined ADCs: Increased Resolution 123
5.1.4.2 Time-Interleaved ADCs: Increased Sampling Speed 124
5.2 Traditional (Narrowband) Compensation Techniques 124
5.2.1 Integral Nonlinearity and Differential Nonlinearity Models 125
5.2.2 Look-Up Tables 126
5.2.3 Dithering 127
5.3 Novel Compensation Techniques Amenable for Wideband Sampling 128
5.3.1 Model Inversion: Nonlinear Dynamic Models 129
5.3.1.1 Behavioral Model of Continuous-Time ?? Modulators 129
5.3.1.2 Volterra Model and Post-compensation of a Continuous-Time Modulators 133
5.3.1.3 Performance in Post-compensation 135
5.3.2 Wideband Compensation of High-Performance ADCs 137
5.3.3 Mismatch Errors in TIADCs 141
5.3.3.1 Signal Representation 142
5.3.3.2 Off-Line Estimation 143
5.3.3.3 On-Line Estimation 144
5.3.3.4 Compensation 145
5.4 Additional Considerations: Training Signals for Measurement-Based Post-compensation 147
5.5 Summary of Key Points 151
References 151
6 Frequency Offset and Phase Noise 155
6.1 Effects of the CFO and Phase Noise in the System Performance 155
6.1.1 Critical Applications: High Frequency Oscillators and High-Speed Vehicles 156
6.1.2 Effects of Carrier Frequency Offset and Phase Noise in OFDM 158
6.2 Estimation Techniques for the Downlink (Single User Case) 160
6.3 Estimation and Compensation Techniques for the Uplink (Multiuser Case) 165
6.3.1 CFO Compensation for OFDMA 167
6.3.2 CFO Compensation for Multiuser FBMC 170
6.4 Summary of the Key Points 176
References 177
Part III RF Imperfection in Novel Technologies 180
7 Full-Duplex Communication Systems 181
7.1 System Model 181
7.1.1 Full-Duplex Transceivers 182
7.1.2 Full-Duplex Relays 183
7.2 Self-interference Removal 185
7.2.1 Full-Duplex Transceivers with Hardware Impairments 188
7.2.2 Nonlinear Power Amplifier 189
7.2.3 I/Q Imbalance and Optimization of the Power Amplifier Operation Point 192
7.2.4 Influence of Impairments in the System Performance 195
7.3 ADC Resolution Requirements 196
7.4 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency 199
7.5 Summary of the Key Points 201
References 202
8 Massive MIMO Systems 205
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Single-Cell Massive MIMO System 206
8.2.1 Downlink 207
8.2.1.1 Precoding Techniques 207
8.2.2 Uplink 209
8.3 Precoding/Decoding Techniques with Imperfect Channel State Information 209
8.3.1 Channel Non-reciprocity and Antenna Coupling 210
8.3.2 Channel Estimation and Pilot Contamination 213
8.4 RF Front-End Minimum Requirements 215
8.4.1 Low-Resolution ADCs 216
8.4.2 Performance Evaluation of a MaMIMO Uplink with Low-Resolution ADC 218
8.5 Power Consumption Analysis 220
8.6 Summary of the Key Points 226
References 226
9 Internet of Things 229
9.1 IoT Applications and Challenges 229
9.2 IoT Proprietary and/or Licensed Solutions 231
9.2.1 Coverage and Capacity: Shannon and Transmission Bandwidth 236
9.2.2 Maximum Coupling Loss and Maximum Path Loss 238
9.3 NB-IoT: PHY and MAC Characteristics 240
9.3.1 Signals and Channels 242
9.3.2 State Model 243
9.3.3 Coverage, Efficiency, Capacity, Cost 246
9.4 LTE and NB-IoT Coexistence: Interference Due to RF Impairments 249
9.4.1 Modeling Signals and Interference 250
9.4.2 Numerical Results 252
9.5 Summary of the Key Points 254
References 255
10 Final Notes and Novel Issues 258
10.1 5G Implementation Challenges 258
10.1.1 The Combination of Massive MIMO and Full-Duplex 258
10.1.2 Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications 261
10.1.3 Massive MIMO Challenges 263
10.2 Summary of the Book 264
References 265
Index 266