Surface Engineering of Graphene (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Present Status and Prospect of Graphene Research 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Graphene Synthesis 11
3 Graphene Materials 14
3.1 Common Graphene Materials 14
3.2 Wrinkled, Rippled, and Crumpled Graphene 16
3.3 3D Graphene 17
3.4 Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) 18
3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) 19
3.6 Holey Graphene (HG) 19
3.7 Graphene Functionalization 20
3.8 Graphene Derivatives 23
3.9 Rebar Graphene and Rivet Graphene 26
4 Graphene-Based 2D Heterostructures 28
4.1 2D Heterostructures Based on h-BN and Graphene 29
4.2 2D Heterostructures Based on MoS2 and Graphene 31
4.3 2D Heterostructures Based on MXenes and Graphene 32
5 Application of Graphene-Based Materials 32
6 Commercialization of Graphene-Based Materials 34
7 Conclusion 34
References 35
Graphene-Based Advanced Materials: Properties and Their Key Applications 39
1 Introduction 40
2 Recently Developed Graphene-Based Materials and Their Application 41
2.1 GO-Based Polyamide/Polyphenylene Oxide Polymer Blends 42
2.2 Graphene-Polyurethane Nanocomposites 43
2.3 Poly(3,4-Ethyldioxythiophene)/Graphene Nanocomposites 44
2.4 Epoxy/Graphene Nanocomposites 44
2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Graphene Nanocomposites 45
2.6 Highly Conductive Graphene Foam-Based Polymer Composite 47
2.7 Polyurethane/Polypropylene Composites with Selectively Distributed Graphene 49
2.8 Graphene an Ideal Platform Catalytic Sites for Oxygen Reduction 50
2.9 Catalysis for the Oxygen Reduction and Water Splitting 52
2.10 3D Printing-Based CNT-Graphene Hybrid Nanocomposite 54
2.11 Summary and Perspectives 55
References 56
Graphene and Its Derivatives for Secondary Battery Application 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Fundamentals of Battery 62
3 Brief History of Graphene 63
4 Techniques for Preparation of Graphene 64
4.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 64
4.2 Ultrasonic Cleavage 65
4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 65
4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition Through Plasma Induction 66
4.5 Unrolling Carbon Nanotube 66
4.6 Thermal Reduction 67
4.7 Chemical Exfoliation 67
4.8 Graphene Material from Other Graphite Derivatives 67
5 Graphene Derivatives 68
5.1 Graphene Oxide 68
5.2 Graphane 69
5.3 Fluorographene 70
5.4 Graphyne and Graphdiyne 70
5.5 Graphane Nanoribbons 71
6 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Energy Storage: Battery Application 72
6.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 73
6.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries 76
6.3 Lithium-Air Batteries 78
6.4 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 79
6.5 Other Battery Technologies 80
7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 80
References 81
Recent Progress in Graphene Research for the Solar Cell Application 88
1 Introduction 89
2 Fundamentals of a Solar Cell 91
3 Graphene-Based Materials in Different Solar Cells 94
3.1 Graphene-Based Materials for Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) 94
3.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 99
3.3 Graphene-Based Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 107
3.4 Graphene Materials in Other Solar Cells 112
4 Conclusions 113
References 113
Graphene and Its Modifications for Supercapacitor Applications 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor 121
3 Factors Influencing the Performance of Supercapacitors 122
4 Modification of Graphene for the Preparation of Supercapacitor Electrodes 124
5 Preparation of Graphene 124
6 Graphene Modification as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Application 126
7 Covalent Modification of Graphene 127
7.1 Covalent Attachment with Organic Functionalities 127
7.2 Modifications via Direct Doping of Atoms into the Graphene Lattice 127
7.3 Modification Through the Free Radical Addition 129
7.4 Nucleophilic Addition 132
8 Non-covalent Modification of Graphene 132
8.1 Nonpolar Gas–? Interaction 133
8.2 H–? Interaction 134
8.3 Hydrogen Bonding 134
8.4 Cation–? Interaction 134
8.5 ? Cation–? Interaction 134
8.6 Anion–? Interaction 135
8.7 Coordination Bonds 135
9 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 135
10 Conclusions and Future Design Concept 137
References 137
Functionalization of Graphene—A Critical Overview of its Improved Physical, Chemical and Electrochemical Properties 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Fundamental Aspects of Graphene Functionalization 147
3 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Physical Properties 148
3.1 Electronic Properties 148
3.2 Optical Properties 150
3.3 Magnetic Properties 151
3.4 Mechanical Properties 153
4 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Chemical Properties 155
4.1 CO Oxidation 155
4.2 Fischer–Tropsch (F-T) Synthesis 157
4.3 Other Chemical Properties 158
5 Effect of Graphene Functionalization on its Electrochemical Properties 159
5.1 Electrochemical Reactions 161
6 Device Fabrication with Functionalized Graphene 166
6.1 Biosensors 166
6.2 Fuel Cells 168
6.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 168
7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 169
References 170
Synthesis and Properties of Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Based Polymer Composites 180
1 Introduction 181
2 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 182
2.1 Solution Mixing 183
2.2 Melt Blending 183
2.3 In Situ Polymerization 184
3 Surface Modification of Graphene 185
4 Different Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 187
4.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–Graphene Composites 187
4.2 Epoxy–Graphene Composites 193
4.3 Polyurethane–Graphene Composites 197
5 Summary 202
References 202
Application of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells 207
1 Brief Review on Perovskite Solar Cells 207
1.1 Progress in Devising Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells 207
1.2 Components of Perovskite Solar Cells 208
1.3 Problem in Organic p-type Semiconductor 209
1.4 Alternative Approach: Metal Oxides as Charge Transport Layers 209
1.5 Alternative Approach: Graphene-Based Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells 210
2 Properties of Graphene-Based Materials 210
2.1 Properties of Graphene, GO, and rGO 210
3 Methods for Synthesis, Exfoliation, and Reduction of GO 213
3.1 Synthesis Methods for Graphite Oxide 213
3.2 Methods for Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide to GO and Thin-Film Preparation 213
3.3 Reduction of GO 214
4 Characterization Techniques of GO and rGO 214
4.1 Surface Area Analysis of the rGO 214
4.2 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 215
4.3 Optical Spectroscopy 215
4.4 Raman Spectroscopy 216
4.5 FTIR Analysis 218
4.6 UV-Vis Spectroscopy (For Optical and Electronic Properties) 219
4.7 Photoluminescence Measurement 222
4.8 XRD Crystallographic Measurement 223
5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells 223
5.1 Application of rGO in Perovskite Solar Cells 224
5.2 Application of rGO in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells, OPV 229
6 Conclusion and Outlook 230
References 231
Graphene and Graphene Oxide as Nanofiller for Polymer Blends 234
1 Introduction 234
2 Production of Graphene 236
3 Properties of Graphene 237
4 Production of Graphene Oxide (GO) 238
5 Processing of the Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites 239
6 Characterization of the Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites 240
6.1 Microscopy 241
6.2 X-ray Diffraction 242
6.3 Raman Spectroscopy 242
7 Properties of Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites 244
7.1 Electrical Conductivity 244
7.2 Mechanical Properties 246
7.3 Thermal Behavior 250
7.4 Barrier Properties 251
8 Examples of Graphene/Polymer Composites 253
8.1 Graphene/Epoxy Composites 253
8.2 Graphene/Cellulose Composites 254
8.3 PVA/Graphene Nanocomposites 254
8.4 Polyurethane (PU)/Graphene Composites 255
8.5 Graphene/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Nanocomposites 255
8.6 Polycarbonate (PC)/Graphene Nanocomposites 256
8.7 Polystyrene (PS)/Graphene Nanocomposites 256
9 Conclusions 257
References 257
Facile Room Temperature Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 261
1 Introduction 261
2 Structure of Graphene 262
3 Making of Graphene Oxide 265
4 Characterization of Materials 265
5 Electrocatalytic Activity of GO/RGO 269
6 Conclusion 272
References 272