Practical Environmental Bioremediation

King, R. Barry; Sheldon, John K.; Long, Gilbert M.

Introduction: A Historical Perspective Regulatory History Early Successes Discovery of Hydrocarbon-degrading Microbes Oils Spills Discovery of Metal-Detoxifying Microbes Three Bioremediation Treatment Approaches: Biostimulation Bioaugmentation Intrinsic Treatment Recent Advances in Bioremediation Technology The Chapters Ahead Microbial Nutrition and Environmental Requirements Microbial Ubiquity Microbial Nutrition Moisture Energy for Metabolism The Role of Oxygen Environmental Requirements Microbial Growth Acclimation Logarithmic Growth Stationary Phase Death Phase Bacterial Pathogens Microbial Survival Microbial Destruction of Environmental Pollutants Biomineralization vs. Biotransformation Biodegradation Processes for Organic Compounds Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation Biooxidation in Wastewater Treatment Bioattachment Biosorption Biosolubilization Microbial Detoxification of Metals Halobacteria Mixed Populations Cometabolism Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Radiation Effects Acquired Radiation Resistance Radioactive Mixed Waste Treatment Constructed Wetlands The Bioremediation Laboratory Bioassessment Screening Studies Microbiological Assay Biotreatability Studies Microcosms Respirometry Bioreactors Choosing a Laboratory Applied Bioremediation : An Overview The Bioremediation Approach Intrinsic Bioremediation Selection Guide for Appropriate Biotechnology Soils and Sludges Liquids and Aqueous Solutions Project Organization Site Characterization Initial Bioassessment Testing Detailed Studies, Pilot Testing, and Process Design Procurement, Installation and Startup Process Monitoring and Operation Final Sampling and Closure Reporting and Management Anaerobic Treatment: Sans Oxygen Process Definition Anaerobic Degradation Pros and Cons of Anaerobic Treatment Types of Anaerobic Systems Digestors Anaerobic Activated Sludge Fixed-Film Units Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contractors (ARBCs) Fluidized Bed Reactors Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Ex Situ Soil Treatment (Soil Cells) In Situ Anaerobic Remediation Design Considerations Applications for Anaerobic Treatment Surface Bioremediation of Soils and Sludges: Land Treatment Regulations Feasibility Testing Design and Construction Nutrient Application Operations and Monitoring Closure Variations Biopile Biovault Biopit Project Exercise How Much Soil? How Big an Area? Materials Watering System How Long Might It Take? Does the Buyer Need the Space? What Will the Conceptual Design Cost? Work Plan and Permits Excavation and Backfill Treatment Cell Construction Equipment Operating Costs Closure Bioreactors: The Technology of Total Control Introduction Process Definition Bioreactor Configurations Activated Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) Trickling Filters Soil Slurry Reactors Vapor Phase Bioreactors (Biofilters) Fixed-Film, Plug Flow Design Considerations Pilot Testing Installation and Startup Case History Conclusion In Situ Aquifer Bioremediation Hydrogeologic Variables Light vs. Dense NAPL Standard Pump-and-Treat Option In Situ Option Destroys Contaminants Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Hydrogeology Microbiology Engineering Installation and Startup Operations and Monitoring Closure Lagoon Bioremediation Treatment Options Feasibility Testing Design Considerations Oxygen Injection Sludge Suspension Sludge Shearing Nutrient Supply Operation and Monitoring Closure Vadose Zone Bioremediation Bioventing Delineation Respironetry Design Considerations Process Monitoring Biosparging Future Trends in Development: The Road Ahead How We Got Here Specific Biostimulations Cometabolism Advanced Acclimations and Bacterial Enzymes Microbial Chelants and Surfactants Genetic Engineering Sequencing Treatments Vadose Zone Treatment The Road Ahead Metals Bioremediation Inorganics Fermentations Mixed Waste In Situ Bioremediation Intrinsic Enhanced Anaerobic Enhanced Aerobic Sequencing Anaerobic / Aerobic Bioaugmentation