Simulation of Power System with Renewables (eBook)

SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLES 2
SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLES 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
About the authors 12
Preface 14
One - Introduction 18
1.1 Power system – history of development (Kundur) 18
1.2 Power system frequency 22
1.3 Phasors in AC systems 23
1.4 Per unit systems 24
1.5 Steady state in power system 25
1.6 Stability issues in power system 26
1.7 Mathematical representation of power system 29
1.8 Simulation in Matlab 30
1.9 Assumptions 31
1.10 Summary 32
Further reading 32
Two - Transmission network modelling 34
2.1 Admittance matrix 34
2.2 Example 37
2.3 Power flow computation 37
2.4 Formulation of jacobian 40
2.5 Example of three-bus system 41
2.6 Power flow implementation 44
2.7 Study case: four-machine system 45
2.8 Exercise 46
2.9 Exercise 50
2.10 Including the network in the Simulink time domain simulation 50
2.11 Conclusions 54
References 55
Three - Synchronous machine modelling 56
3.1 Synchronous machine introduction 56
3.2 Synchronous machine operation 57
3.3 Reference frame 59
3.4 Dynamic equations of a synchronous machine in d-q reference frame 67
List of variables: 70
3.5 Initialization of the dynamic model 70
3.6 Simulink modelling 77
3.7 Study case: single machine infinite bus test system time domain results 85
3.8 Dynamic models of synchronous machines 87
3.9 Simulation model of the two-area test system 91
3.9.1 Simulink block representing multiple synchronous machines 92
References 97
Four - Analysis and controller design ideas 98
4.1 System representations and dynamic response 98
4.1.1 Stability of the linear system 100
4.1.1.1 Exercise 4.1 100
4.2 Power system model for analysis 106
4.3 Linearization and state space representation 106
4.4 Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and participation factor 109
4.4.1 Exercise 4.2 110
4.5 Transfer function and ZPK representation 112
4.6 Root locus, Bode plot, Nichols plot and Nyquist plot 112
4.7 Analysis of stable system 116
4.7.1 Root locus plots 116
4.7.2 Bode, Nichols and Nyquist plots 117
4.8 Analysis of unstable system 117
4.8.1 Linear system analyzer 119
4.9 System response 119
4.10 Controller design 120
4.10.1 PI controller 120
4.10.2 Control System Designer 122
4.10.3 Pole placement 125
4.10.4 Linear Quadratic Regulator controller 128
4.11 Conclusions 129
Five - Load modelling 130
5.1 Types of loads 130
5.2 Descriptions, key equations and integration of ZIP model 131
5.3 Study case: four-machine system using different load models 135
5.4 Initial condition block implementation 137
5.5 Comparison of results 141
5.6 Conclusion of ZIP load modelling 149
Acknowledgement 149
References 149
Six - Wind turbine generator modelling 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Building blocks of DFIG-SMIB simulation model 151
6.2.1 Network 153
6.2.2 Wind turbine model 154
6.2.2.1 Wind turbine aerodynamic modelling 154
6.2.2.1.1 Simulink representation of turbine model 157
6.2.2.2 Turbine generator mechanical drive train model 159
6.1.3 Doubly fed induction generator 161
6.1.4 LCL filter 166
6.1.5 Back-to-back capacitor 168
6.1.6 Machine-side converter controller 169
6.1.7 Grid-side converter controller 172
6.3 Single machine infinite bus model integration and testing 174
6.3.1 Dynamic simulation 174
6.4 Initialization of SMIB-DFIG system 177
6.5 Further modifications in DFIG-WTG model 183
6.6 Permanent magnet synchronous generator modelling 184
6.6.1 Turbine model 185
6.6.2 Permanent magnet synchronous generator model 185
6.6.3 Machine-side converter controller 186
6.6.4 Back-to-back capacitor, GSC controller, LCL filter and network 187
6.7 Initialization of PMSG-SMIB system 187
6.8 Modal analysis and dynamic simulation results 189
6.9 Simulation of wind farm having DFIG- and PMSG-type WTGs 189
6.9.1 Network representation 194
6.9.2 Wind farm simulink model 194
References 196
Seven - Modelling of solar generation 198
7.1 Description of solar generation 198
7.2 Modelling solar power generators 199
7.3 Western Electricity Coordinating Council generic model 201
7.4 Case study: photovoltaic system model 201
References 219
Eight - Modelling of flexible AC transmission system devices 222
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Flexible AC transmission system devices 223
8.2.1 Applications 226
8.2.1.1 Example system using SVC and TCSC 226
8.3 Static VAR Compensator 227
8.3.1 Modelling of static VAR compensator 230
8.4 Thyristor controlled series compensation 230
8.4.1 Modelling of thyristor controlled series compensator 231
8.5 Implementation of SVC and TCSC models 232
8.5.1 Power flow solution considering SVC and TCSC 232
8.5.1.1 Representation of static VAR compensator 234
8.5.1.2 Representation of thyristor controlled series compensator 238
References 241
Nine - Case study of interarea oscillations in power system 242
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Analysis of two-area system 242
9.2.1 Participation factor analysis 244
9.3 Two-area system with a thyristor controlled series compensator 245
9.3.1 Simulink model 245
9.3.1.1 Feedback signal selection for power oscillation damping 247
9.3.1.2 Linearization and calculation of residue 247
9.3.1.3 Implementation of power oscillation damping 247
9.3.1.4 Controller performance 251
9.4 Two-area system with a static VAR compensator 253
9.5 Two-area system with wind turbines 253
9.5.1 Building Simulink model 255
9.5.2 Initialization program 259
9.5.3 Simulation results 261
9.6 Conclusions 262
References 262
Index 264
A 264
B 264
C 264
D 264
E 264
F 264
G 264
H 264
I 264
J 264
L 264
M 264
N 265
P 265
R 265
S 265
T 266
U 266
V 266
W 266
Z 267