Acacia Wood Bio-composites (eBook)

Contents 6
Introduction of Various Types of Acacia Wood 8
1 Introduction 8
2 Genus Acacia 9
3 Genus Senegalia 11
4 Genus Acaciella 11
5 Genus Mariosousa 14
6 Genus Racosperma 15
7 Acacia as Invaders and Potential Resource 17
8 Acacia mangium Willd. Evergreen Tree 19
9 Acacia mangium Willd. in the Malaysian Region 20
10 Sapwood and Heartwood (Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.) 23
11 Summary 25
References 26
Acacia Wood and Its Surface Treatment for High Strength Bio-composites 29
1 Introduction 29
2 Wood, Natural Fiber and Its Polymer Interface 30
2.1 Classification of Natural Fiber 31
2.2 Polymer Matrix 32
3 Treatment 33
3.1 Physical Treatments 33
3.2 Chemical Treatments 34
4 Characterization of Fiber Surface Treatments 36
4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 37
4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 37
4.3 Single-Fiber Fragmentation Test 37
4.4 Fiber Pull-Out Test 38
4.5 Micro-debonding Test 38
5 Effect of Different Chemical Treatments on the Different Fibers Performance 39
5.1 Wheat Straw 39
5.2 Banana Fiber 39
5.3 Sisal Fiber 39
5.4 Coconut Husk Fiber 41
5.5 Hemp Fiber 42
5.6 Rice Straw 42
5.7 Henequen Fiber 43
5.8 Flax Fiber 43
5.9 Agave americana Leaves Fibers 48
5.10 Kapok and Jute Fiber 51
5.11 Acacia Wood 52
6 Summary 52
References 53
Optimization of Fabrication Technique to Prepare Acacia Wood Reinforced Bio-composites 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Literature Review 57
2.1 Polymer Composites 57
2.2 Bio-composites 57
2.3 Acacia Wood 61
2.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol 62
2.5 Acrylonitrile 67
2.6 Enhancement of Wood Quality 71
2.7 Modern Policies to Growth Wood Quality 71
2.8 Chemical Modification of Wood 73
2.9 Wood Modification by Impregnation Technique 73
2.10 Presence of Clay in Wood Impregnation 75
2.11 Wood Deterioration 76
2.12 Wood Timber and Wood Impregnation Industry and Market 77
3 Methodology 78
3.1 Materials 78
3.2 Equipment and Instruments 78
3.3 Impregnated Wood Preparation 79
3.4 Characterizations of Impregnation Woods 80
4 Results and Discussion 82
4.1 Mechanical Properties (Three Points Structural Testing) 82
4.2 Chemical Structural Analysis (FTIR) 85
4.3 Morphological Study (SEM) 89
4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 93
4.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 96
4.6 Response Surface Methodology 98
4.7 Summary 104
5 Conclusion 105
References 105
Tensile, Flexural and Impact Strength of Acacia Wood Bio-composites 109
1 Introduction 109
2 Experimental 111
2.1 Materials 111
2.2 Fiber Preparation 112
2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites 112
2.4 Methods 113
3 Results and Discussion 114
3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Mechanical Properties 114
3.2 Effect of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Material Properties 120
4 Conclusion 122
References 122
Study of Surface Behavior of Acacia Wood Bio-composites by Morphological Analysis 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Experimental 128
2.1 Materials 128
2.2 Fiber Preparation 129
2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites 130
2.4 Methods 130
3 Results and Discussion 131
3.1 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified AW Fibre for PLA and PHA Bio-composites Morphological Properties 131
3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties 133
3.3 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fibre with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties 135
4 Conclusion 137
References 137
Infrared Spectral Functional Group and Thermal Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites 140
1 Introduction 141
2 Experimental 143
2.1 Materials 143
2.2 Fiber Preparation 144
2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites 144
2.4 Methods 145
3 Results and Discussion 146
3.1 FTIR of Unmodified AW Fibre Spectral Properties 146
3.2 FTIR of Nano-Enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties 148
3.3 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with PLA and PHA Polymer Bio-composites 149
3.4 Thermal Degradation Properties of Bio-composites 151
4 Conclusion 153
References 153
Environmental Impact Analysis of Wood and Natural Fiber Bio-Composites 157
1 Introduction 157
1.1 Effect of Construction and Building Industry to the Environment 157
1.2 Sustainable Development and Sustainability 158
1.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 159
1.4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites 160
2 LCA Framework 161
2.1 Procedures of LCA 161
2.2 LCA in Construction and Building Sector 164
2.3 Existing LCA Case Studies 164
3 Steel RC Beam System Versus Glass-Fiber/Epoxy and Glass-Hemp-Fiber/Epoxy RC Beam System 166
3.1 Fossil Depletion 166
3.2 Climate Change 167
3.3 Water Depletion 169
3.4 Hybrid GHFRP RC Beam System 170
4 Conclusion 173
References 173
Dielectric Properties of Acacia Wood Bio-composites 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Experimental 176
2.1 Materials 176
2.2 Fiber Preparation 177
2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites 177
2.4 Methods 178
3 Results and Discussion 179
3.1 Effects of Fiber Loading on PLA and PHA Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties 179
3.2 Effects of Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) on Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties 183
3.3 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties 186
3.4 Effects of Chemical Treatment on AW Fiber as Reinforcement in PLA, PHA, Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) and NCHB Polymer Blend Bio-composites Dielectrical Properties 188
4 Conclusion 189
References 189
Effect of Nano-enhancement on Acacia Wood Bio-composites 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Experimental 193
2.1 Materials 193
2.2 Fiber Preparation 193
2.3 Fabrication of the Bio-composites 194
2.4 Methods 195
3 Results and Discussion 197
3.1 Effects of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Mechanical Properties 197
3.2 SEM and L/OM Images of Unmodified and Modified Fiber with Nano-enhancement for Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Morphological Properties 201
3.3 FTIR of Nano-enhancement on Polymer Blend (PLA/PHA) Bio-composites Infrared Spectral Properties 202
3.4 Thermal Crystallinity Properties of Unmodified and Modified Fiber and Nano-enhancement with Polymer Blend Bio-composites 204
4 Conclusion 205
References 206
Possibility Usage of Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Acacia Wood Bio-composites in Application and Appliances 213
2.1 Panel Production for Construction Industry 213
2.2 Acacia Bio-Composites in Building Construction 214
2.3 Fiber Cement Composites 214
2.4 Exterior Construction in Building 215
2.5 Window and Door Construction 215
2.6 The Green Kitchen Construction 216
2.7 Bridge Construction 217
2.8 Precast Fibrous Concrete Panel 218
2.9 Acacia Wood Products 218
3 Non-wood Products 219
3.1 Forage 219
3.2 Gum 220
3.3 Tannins 220
3.4 Fiber 220
3.5 Local Medicine 220
3.6 Food 221
3.7 Handicrafts 221
4 Other Essential Services of Acacia Wood 221
4.1 Environmental Protection 221
4.2 Soil Fertility 221
4.3 Hedges, Shade and Shelter Usages 222
4.4 Wildlife Resource 222
4.5 Amenity and Ornamental Value 222
4.6 Agroforestry 222
5 Conclusion 223
References 223