Shock Phenomena in Granular and Porous Materials (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 11
Part I Fundamental Aspects 12
Equation of State Modeling for Porous Materials 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Theoretic Background 15
3 General Equation of State Construction 17
3.1 Cold Curve 19
3.2 Electron Thermal Contribution 22
3.3 Ion Thermal Contribution 23
3.4 Multiphase Equations of State 27
3.5 Mixing of Equations of State 27
4 Powder, Aerogel, and Foam Applications 28
4.1 Ceria Powder—CeO2 29
4.2 Silica Aerogel—SiO2 30
4.3 Polystyrene Foam—CH 32
5 Concluding Remarks 35
References 35
Low-Pressure Dynamic Compression Response of Porous Materials 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Experimental Techniques Applied to Compaction 41
2.1 The Canonical Experiment 41
2.2 Samples 43
2.3 Instrumentation 46
2.4 Uncertainty and Error Analysis 50
2.5 Non-planar Loading and Alternate Experimental Platforms 52
3 Computational Techniques Applied to Compaction 53
3.1 Continuum Modeling 54
3.2 Mesoscale Modeling 56
4 Phenomenology 59
4.1 Shock Precursors 59
4.2 Shock Rise Time 60
4.3 Porosity Enhanced Densification 62
4.4 Morphology Effects 63
5 Outstanding Issues and Directions for Future Work 65
5.1 Is the Compaction Response a Shock Hugoniot? 65
5.2 How Are Dynamic and Static Responses Related? 66
5.3 How Should Heterogeneity Be Handled During Hugoniot Analysis? 66
5.4 How Should Shock Compaction Be Modeled at the Continuum? 67
5.5 What Is the Role of Mesoscale Modeling? 67
6 Conclusion 68
References 68
Continuum Modeling of Partially Saturated Soils 73
1 Introduction 73
2 The Arena Model 78
2.1 Constitutive Model 79
2.1.1 Elasticity Model 81
2.1.2 Porosity, Saturation, Volumetric Strain 84
2.1.3 Rate-Dependent Plasticity 85
2.1.4 Rate-Independent Plasticity 86
2.1.5 Density-Dependence Model 90
3 Parameter Fitting 91
4 Model Behavior 98
5 Model Verification and Validation 101
5.1 Explosion Simulations 103
6 Discussion 105
References 107
Part II Applications 111
Planetary Impact Processes in Porous Materials 112
1 Introduction 112
2 The Role of Porosity in Planetary Impact Processes 114
2.1 Crater Formation in Porous Materials 114
2.1.1 The Cratering Process 117
2.1.2 Crater Scaling 120
2.2 Collisional Disruption of Porous Bodies 124
2.2.1 Collision Regimes 124
2.2.2 Catastrophic Disruption Threshold 125
2.2.3 Experiments and Numerical Modelling of Disruptive Collisions 126
2.3 Ejection Speeds and Momentum Transfer 130
2.4 Collateral Impact Effects: Compaction and Heating 133
2.4.1 Compaction and Shock Effects at the Meso- and Macro-Scale 133
2.4.2 Impact Heating, Melting and Vaporization 134
2.4.3 Fracturing and Dilatancy 138
3 Conclusions 139
References 140
Recent Insights into Penetration of Sand and Similar GranularMaterials 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Introduction to Mechanical Behavior of Granular Materials 147
3 Poncelet Framework for Penetration Mechanics 148
4 Early Empirical Framework for Penetration of Soils 152
5 Determination of Resistance Force by Direct Measurement of Velocity 153
6 Effects of Pore Saturation on Penetration Resistance 158
7 In Situ Observations of Soil-Projectile Interaction 160
8 Engineering Formulas for Penetration of Dry Sand 165
9 Concluding Remarks 169
References 170
Applications of Reactive Materials in Munitions 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Reactive Material Powders 174
2.1 Lamination Methods 175
2.2 Electro-spraying 180
2.3 Ball Milling 181
3 Applications of Reactive Material Powders 183
3.1 Agent-Defeat Applications 186
3.2 Propellant Applications 189
3.3 Explosive Formulation Applications 190
3.4 Munition Liner Applications 191
4 Reactive Material Structures and Their Applications 192
4.1 Powder Metallurgy 193
4.2 Fiber Winding 196
4.3 Other Methods 196
5 Conclusion 197
References 197
Part III Emerging Areas 200
X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging of Granular Systems 201
1 Introduction 201
2 X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging 203
2.1 Optimizing Phase Contrast Imaging for Synchrotron Experiments 208
2.1.1 Phase Contrast Imaging Data Analysis 212
2.2 Phase Retrieval and Areal Density Retrieval 213
3 Dynamic Multi-Frame X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging 215
3.1 Multi-Frame X-Ray PCI System (MPCI) 215
3.2 Example Experiment: Compression of Idealized Spheres 221
4 Discussion and Summary 230
References 234
Shock Compression of Porous Materials and Foams Using Classical Molecular Dynamics 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Methods in Molecular Study of Porous Materials 239
2.1 Constructing Initial Porous States 241
2.2 Issues of Scale and Scaling 244
2.3 Interatomic Potentials and Other Considerations 246
3 Application Areas 247
3.1 Shock Compression in Porous Metals 249
3.2 Shock Compression in Porous Ceramics, Covalent Materials, and Enhanced Densification 252
3.3 Shock Compression in Porous Soft and Energetic Materials 254
4 Conclusions and Future Directions 256
References 257
Additively Manufactured Cellular Materials 261
1 Introduction 261
2 Additive Manufacture Processes 262
2.1 Outline 262
2.2 Selective Laser Melting 263
2.3 Electron Beam Melting 263
2.4 Binder Jetting 264
2.5 Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) 264
3 Intermediate-Rate Loading 265
3.1 Introduction 265
3.2 Experimental Samples 267
3.3 Quasi-Static Testing 270
3.4 Dynamic Testing 271
3.5 Conclusions from Intermediate-Rate Study 272
4 High-Rate Loading 273
4.1 Introduction 273
4.2 Experimental Samples 274
4.3 High-Rate Experiments 276
4.4 CTH Simulations of High-Rate Experiments 279
4.5 Results of CTH Continuum Simulations 283
4.6 3D Structural Simulations 283
4.7 Results of 3D Structural Simulations 284
4.8 Conclusions from High-Rate Study 286
4.9 Two-Dimensional CTH Study of Alternative Cell Architectures 288
4.10 Conclusions from Cell Architecture Study 295
5 Overall Conclusions and Future Directions 296
References 298