Mechanical Behavior and Fracture of Engineering Materials (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Author 11
1 Stress 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Mechanical Behavior and Engineering Materials 12
1.2 Definition of Stress 15
1.3 Mechanical Behavior in Uniaxial Tension 18
1.4 Mechanical Design by the Stress Definition 22
1.5 The Stress Tensor 24
1.6 Non-uniform Stress Distribution 31
1.7 Stress Transformation and the Mohr’s Circle 33
1.8 Yield Criteria 44
1.9 Stress Concentration 51
2 Strain 54
Abstract 54
2.1 Definition of Strain 54
2.2 Elastic Stress-Strain Relations 62
2.3 Constitutive Equations for Non-isotropic Elastic Materials (Elastic Anisotropy) 65
2.4 Plasticity 69
2.5 Real Stress and Strain 76
2.6 Plastic Stress-Strain Relations 79
2.7 Numeric Analysis of Stress and Strain 80
2.8 Experimental Measurement of Stress and Strain 84
2.9 Hardness 88
3 Plastic Deformation Mechanisms 92
Abstract 92
3.1 Crystalline Defects and Deformation Mechanisms 92
3.2 Definition of Cold and Hot Work 94
3.3 Deformation by Dislocation Slip 96
3.4 Direct Observation of Dislocations 105
3.5 Slip Modes 107
3.6 Deformation by Twinning 111
4 Strengthening Mechanisms 114
Abstract 114
4.1 Strengthening of Engineering Materials 114
4.2 Strain Hardening 115
4.3 Grain Boundary Strengthening 119
4.4 Solute Strengthening (Solid Solution) 124
4.5 Second Phase Strengthening 127
4.6 Fine Particle Strengthening 133
4.7 Upper Yield Strength and Strain Aging 138
4.8 Martensite Hardening in Steels 140
5 Mechanical Behavior of Composites and Polymers 145
Abstract 145
5.1 Fundamentals of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials 145
5.2 Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composites 147
5.3 Mechanical Behavior of Polymers 154
5.4 Mechanical Behavior of Elastomers 160
5.5 Failure Mechanisms of Polymers 162
Reference 164
6 Fracture 165
Abstract 165
6.1 Basic Concepts of Fracture 165
6.2 Static Fracture Mechanisms 167
6.3 Fracture Mechanics 169
6.4 Fracture Toughness 179
6.5 Structural Integrity 186
6.6 The Charpy Impact Test 191
References 196
7 Fatigue 197
Abstract 197
7.1 Definition and History of Fatigue 197
7.2 Fatigue Fracture 202
7.3 Mechanical Characterization of Fatigue 206
7.4 Factors Affecting Fatigue 212
7.5 Cyclic Strain Behavior 215
7.6 Fatigue Life 219
7.7 The Universal Slopes Method of Fatigue 225
7.8 Fatigue Crack Growth 228
References 233
8 High Temperature Mechanical Behavior 234
Abstract 234
8.1 High Temperature Deformation 234
8.2 Secondary Creep 238
8.3 Creep Life Prediction 240
8.4 Deformation Mechanisms in Creep 243
8.5 Creep Fracture 245
8.6 High Temperature Materials 249
8.7 Superplastic Behavior 250
References 253