Interior Lighting (eBook)
XX, 483 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-17195-7 (ISBN)
This book outlines the underlying principles on which interior lighting should be based, provides detailed information on the lighting hardware available today and gives guidance for the design of interior lighting installations resulting in good visual performance and comfort, alertness and health.
The book is divided into three parts. Part One discusses the fundamentals of the visual and non-visual mechanisms and the practical consequences for visual performance and comfort, for sleep, daytime alertness and performance, and includes chapters on age effects, therapeutic effects and hazardous effects of lighting. Part Two deals with the lighting hardware: lamps (with emphasis on LEDs), gear, drivers and luminaires including chapters about lighting controls and LEDs beyond lighting. Part Three is the application part, providing the link between theory and practice and supplying the reader with the knowledge needed for lighting design. It describes the relevant lighting criteria for good and efficient interior lighting and discusses the International, European and North American standards and recommendations for interior lighting.
A particular focus is on solid state light sources (LEDs) and the possibility to design innovative, truly-sustainable lighting installations that are adaptable to changing circumstances. The design of such installations is difficult and the book offers details of the typical characteristics of the many different solid state light sources, and of the aspects determining the final quality of interior lighting.
Essential reading for interior lighting designers, lighting engineers and architects, the book will also be a useful reference for researchers and students.
Reviews of Road Lighting by the same author:
'If you are going to design streetlighting, you must read this book....a solid, comprehensive textbook written by an acknowledged expert in the field - if you have a query about any aspect of streetlighting design, you will find the answer here.' - LUX, August 2015
'...a realy comprehensive book dealing with every aspect of the subject well...essential text for reference on this subject' - Lighting Journal, March 2015
Prof. Wout van Bommel MSc has over 40 years of experience in road, sports, office, industrial, architectural lighting (indoor and outdoor). With his vast international experience in lighting application he advises as an independent Lighting Consultant, after his retirement from Philips Lighting, lighting designers, researchers, companies municipalities and governmental bodies. He assesses the quality of specifications of lighting installations (certification). He presents papers in English, German and Dutch at congresses, symposia and workshops and teaches lighting courses.
Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Author 16
Abbreviations 17
Part I: Fundamentals 19
Chapter 1: Visual Mechanism 20
1.1 Visual Sensation 21
1.2 Optics of the Eye 22
1.3 Retina and Photoreceptors 23
1.4 Spectral Sensitivity 26
1.4.1 Cones and Rods 26
1.4.2 Photopic and Scotopic Vision 28
1.5 Receptive Fields 30
1.6 Colour Vision 34
1.7 Pupillary Reflex 36
1.8 High-Level Vision 37
1.8.1 Perceptual Constancy 37
1.8.2 Maintaining Constancy 38
References 39
Chapter 2: Colour 41
2.1 Perceived Colour 41
2.2 Colour Specification 42
2.2.1 CIE x-y Chromaticity Diagram 42
2.2.1.1 Chromaticity Coordinates 42
2.2.1.2 Standard Colorimetric Observer 44
2.2.1.3 From Three-Dimensional Space to Two-Dimensional Plane 47
2.2.2 CIE u?-v? Chromaticity Diagram 48
2.2.3 Colour Spaces 49
2.3 Colour Appearance of White Light 51
2.3.1 Correlated Colour Temperature CCT 51
2.3.2 Distance from Blackbody Locus, Duv 53
2.4 Dominant Wavelength and Excitation Purity 53
2.5 Colour Rendering 54
2.5.1 General Colour Rendering Index Ra 55
2.5.1.1 Colour Samples 55
2.5.1.2 Reference Light Sources 56
2.5.1.3 Calculation Procedure 57
2.5.1.4 Use of General Colour Rendering Index Ra 57
2.5.2 General Colour Fidelity Index, Rf 58
2.5.2.1 Colour Samples 59
2.5.2.2 Reference Light Sources 60
2.5.2.3 Calculation Procedure 60
2.5.2.4 Use of General Fidelity Index, Rf 60
2.5.3 Gamut Index Rg 62
2.5.3.1 Gamut Area 62
2.5.3.2 IES Gamut Index Rg 63
2.5.4 Colour Vector Graphics 64
2.5.4.1 IES Colour Vector Graphic 64
2.5.4.2 CIE Colour Vector Graphic 65
2.5.5 Colour Discrimination 66
2.5.6 Surface-Colour Metamerism 67
2.6 Summary of Colour Metrics 68
References 69
Chapter 3: Visual Performance 72
3.1 Visual Task 73
3.2 Threshold Visibility 75
3.2.1 Visual Acuity 76
3.2.2 Threshold Contrast 78
3.3 Suprathreshold Visibility 80
3.3.1 Landolt-Ring Task 81
3.3.2 Search Task 86
3.3.3 Verification Task 87
3.3.4 Rea´s Visual Performance Model 89
3.4 Disability Glare 91
3.5 Indirect Glare 94
3.5.1 Non-self-luminous Tasks 94
3.5.2 Self-Luminous Devices 96
3.6 Influence of Spectrum 97
3.6.1 Pupil Size 97
3.6.2 Visual Acuity 98
3.6.3 Equivalent Visual Efficiency Method 99
References 101
Chapter 4: Visual Satisfaction 103
4.1 Spatial Brightness 104
4.1.1 Brightness-Luminance Relation 104
4.1.2 Influence of Spectrum 107
4.2 Room Appearance 109
4.2.1 Room Surface Illuminance and Luminance 109
4.2.1.1 Task Surface 109
4.2.1.2 Room Boundary Surfaces 110
4.2.1.3 Metric for Subjective Lighting Quality: B40 Band Based 115
4.2.2 Mean Room Surface Exitance, MRSE 116
4.2.2.1 Indirect Illuminance at the Eye 116
4.2.2.2 Formulas for the Calculation of MRSE 119
4.2.2.3 MRSE-Based Metric for Subjective Lighting Quality 120
4.2.3 Items for Further Study 121
4.3 Directionality and Modelling 122
4.3.1 Flow of Lighting 123
4.3.2 Light Tubes 126
4.4 Discomfort Glare 128
4.4.1 Fundamental Approach 128
4.4.2 Unified Glare Rating, UGR 129
4.4.2.1 UGR for a Specific Location and Viewing Direction 131
4.4.2.2 Unified Glare Rating for a Lighting Installation, UGRL 133
4.4.2.3 Non-uniform Glare Sources 135
4.4.2.4 Influence of Spectrum 139
4.4.3 Overhead Glare 140
4.4.4 Indirect Glare 141
4.5 Light Colour Preference 141
References 144
Chapter 5: Non-visual Biological Mechanism 151
5.1 Circadian Rhythms 152
5.1.1 The Principle 152
5.1.2 Bodily Rhythms 155
5.1.3 Biological Clock 156
5.1.4 Chronotypes 157
5.1.5 Entrainment 158
5.1.5.1 Entrainment by Light-Dark Transitions 158
5.1.5.2 Entrainment by Colour Transitions 158
5.1.5.3 Non-photic Entrainment 159
5.1.6 Phase Shifting 159
5.2 Third Type of Photoreceptor 161
5.2.1 Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (pRGCs) 161
5.2.2 Retinal Neural Wiring 162
5.2.3 Spatial Distribution of pRGCs 162
5.2.4 Field of View 163
5.3 Pineal Gland and Adrenal Cortex 163
5.4 Direct Photobiological Effects 165
5.5 Spectral Sensitivity 166
5.5.1 Action Spectra 166
5.5.1.1 Melatonin Suppression by Monochromatic Light 166
5.5.1.2 Melatonin Suppression by Polychromatic Light 168
5.5.1.3 Single Non-visual Biological Action Spectrum? 170
5.5.2 Spectral Sensitivity of Photopigments 171
5.5.3 Spectral Characterisation of Lighting Installations 176
References 177
Chapter 6: Light, Sleep, Alertness and Performance 183
6.1 Sleep 183
6.1.1 Sleep Mechanism 184
6.1.2 Sleep Measures 185
6.1.3 Daytime Light 185
6.1.3.1 Light Level 186
6.1.3.2 Light Spectrum 188
6.2 Alertness and Performance 190
6.2.1 Alertness and Performance Measures 190
6.2.2 Daytime Light 191
6.2.2.1 Light Level 192
6.2.2.2 Light Spectrum 194
6.3 Dynamic Daytime Lighting Scenario 195
References 197
Chapter 7: Shift Work, Light, Sleep and Performance 201
7.1 Circadian Misalignment 202
7.2 Sleep, Alertness and Performance 203
7.2.1 Sleep 203
7.2.2 Alertness and Performance 204
7.3 Night-Time Lighting Strategies 206
7.3.1 Bright Light 206
7.3.2 Intermittent Bright Light 209
7.3.3 Short-Wavelength Depleted White Light 211
7.4 Dynamic Lighting Scenarios 213
References 217
Chapter 8: Age Effects 221
8.1 Changes in the Visual and Circadian System 221
8.2 Age and Visual Effects of Light 222
8.2.1 Loss of Lens Elasticity 222
8.2.2 Reduced Pathway Signal 223
8.2.3 Increased Glare 226
8.2.4 Slower Dark Adaptation 227
8.2.5 Reduced Visual Performance 227
8.3 Age and Non-visual Biological Effects of Light 229
8.3.1 Reduced Pathway Signal 229
8.3.2 Melatonin Concentration 229
8.3.3 Circadian Rhythm 230
8.3.4 Sleep and Alertness 230
8.3.5 Light-Dark Scenario 231
References 231
Chapter 9: Therapeutic Effects 235
9.1 Chronotherapy 235
9.2 Disrupted Circadian Rhythms 236
9.3 Light Therapy 237
9.3.1 Depressions 237
9.3.1.1 Seasonal Affective Disorders (SAD) 237
9.3.1.2 Non-seasonal Affective Disorders 237
9.3.2 Sleep Disorders 238
9.3.3 Alzheimer´s Disease 238
9.3.4 Parkinson´s Disease 239
9.3.5 ADHD Disorder 240
9.3.6 Eating Disorders 241
9.3.7 Healing in the Hospital 241
9.3.7.1 Patient Rooms 241
9.3.7.2 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) 243
References 243
Chapter 10: Hazardous Effects 247
10.1 Adverse Effects of Lamp Flicker 247
10.1.1 Lamp Flicker 248
10.1.1.1 Cause of Lamp Flicker 248
10.1.1.2 Light Modulation Metrics 250
10.1.2 Visual Adverse Effects 251
10.1.2.1 Visible Flicker 251
10.1.2.2 Stroboscopic Effect 252
10.1.2.3 Ghosting or Phantom Array Effect 256
10.1.3 Neurophysiological Adverse Effects 256
10.1.3.1 Epileptic Seizures 256
10.1.3.2 Migraine, Headache, Eye Strain and Malaise 257
10.1.3.3 Decrease of Visual Performance 258
10.1.4 One Tool to Specify the Risk of Flicker? 258
10.2 Optical Radiation Hazards 260
10.2.1 Photochemical and Thermal Damage 260
10.2.2 Blue Light Hazard 261
10.2.2.1 The Mechanism 261
10.2.2.2 Grouping Lamps in Risk Groups 263
10.2.2.3 Evaluating in the Lighting Installation 265
10.2.2.4 Evaluating Luminaires 267
10.3 Adverse Effects of Light at Night 267
10.3.1 Circadian Disruption, Melatonin and Medical Disorders 267
10.3.2 Breast Cancer 268
10.3.2.1 Animal Studies 268
10.3.2.2 Epidemiological Studies with Humans 269
10.3.2.3 Overall Evaluation of IARC 271
References 271
Part II: Technology 275
Chapter 11: Lamps, Gear and Drivers 276
11.1 Introduction 276
11.2 Performance Characteristics 278
11.2.1 System Efficacy 278
11.2.2 Lifetime and Lumen Depreciation 279
11.2.2.1 Incandescent Lamps 279
11.2.2.2 Gas-Discharge Lamps 280
11.2.2.3 Solid-State Lamps 281
11.3 Incandescent Lamps: GLS 285
11.3.1 Working Principle 286
11.3.2 Construction 286
11.3.3 Lamp Properties 287
11.4 Incandescent Lamps: Halogen 288
11.4.1 Working Principle 288
11.4.2 Construction 288
11.4.3 Lamp Properties 289
11.5 Gas-Discharge Lamps: Tubular Fluorescent 290
11.5.1 Working Principle 290
11.5.1.1 Gas Discharge 290
11.5.1.2 Fluorescence 292
11.5.2 Construction 293
11.5.3 Lamp Properties 293
11.6 Gas-Discharge Lamps: Compact Fluorescent 295
11.6.1 Working Principle 296
11.6.2 Construction 296
11.6.3 Lamp Properties 297
11.7 Gas-Discharge Lamps: Induction 298
11.7.1 Working Principle 298
11.7.2 Construction 299
11.7.3 Lamp Properties 299
11.8 Gas-Discharge Lamps: Compact Metal-Halide 300
11.8.1 Working Principle 300
11.8.2 Construction 300
11.8.3 Lamp Properties 301
11.9 Control Gear for Gas-Discharge Lamps 302
11.9.1 Igniters 303
11.9.2 Ballasts 303
11.9.3 Dimmers 305
11.10 Solid-State Lamps: LED 305
11.10.1 Working Principle 306
11.10.1.1 Light Emission 306
11.10.1.2 Efficiency Droop 308
11.10.1.3 White Light 309
11.10.2 Construction and Manufacturing 311
11.10.3 Binning 317
11.10.4 Lamp Properties 317
11.11 Solid-State Lamps: OLED 319
11.11.1 Working Principle 320
11.11.2 Construction 321
11.11.3 Lamp Properties 322
11.12 Drivers and Dimmers for LEDs and OLEDs 322
11.12.1 Drivers 322
11.12.2 Dimmers 324
References 325
Chapter 12: Daylight 328
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Origin of Daylight 329
12.3 Properties of Exterior Daylight 330
12.3.1 Variability of Daylight 330
12.3.2 Daylight Levels 331
12.3.3 Spectrum and Colour 332
12.3.4 Sky Luminance 334
12.4 Properties of Daylight in Interiors 335
12.4.1 Interior Daylight Levels 335
12.4.1.1 Average Daylight Factor 336
12.4.1.2 Daylight Factor at a Point 338
12.4.2 Flow of Daylight 339
References 340
Chapter 13: Luminaires 341
13.1 Photometrical Characteristics 342
13.1.1 Light Distribution 342
13.1.2 Luminaire Efficiency and Utilisation Factors 345
13.1.2.1 Light Output Ratio 345
13.1.2.2 Utilisation Factors 346
13.1.3 Luminance Distribution 349
13.1.4 UGR Table 349
13.1.5 Shielding Angle 353
13.2 The Optical System 354
13.2.1 Mirrors 354
13.2.2 Prisms and Lenses 356
13.2.3 Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Optics 357
13.2.4 Diffusers, Louvres and Baffles 359
13.3 Thermal Characteristics 359
13.4 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance 360
References 361
Chapter 14: Connected Smart Lighting 363
14.1 Lighting Control 364
14.1.1 Switching and Dimming 364
14.1.2 Lighting Control Strategies 365
14.1.3 User Satisfaction 365
14.1.3.1 Automatic Control Systems 365
14.1.3.2 Personal Control Systems 367
14.2 Smart Networks 369
14.2.1 Controller 369
14.2.2 Network Topologies 369
14.2.3 Wired and Wireless Transmission 370
14.2.4 Communication Protocols 371
14.2.4.1 Analogue Protocols 371
14.2.4.2 Digital Wired Protocols and Technologies 372
14.2.4.3 Digital Wireless Protocols and Technologies 375
14.2.4.4 Building Automation Protocols 379
14.3 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 379
References 380
Chapter 15: Light Beyond Illumination 383
15.1 Smart Lights and Internet of Things 383
15.1.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 383
15.1.2 IoT Lighting System 385
15.1.2.1 Infrastructure for IoT Lighting Systems 385
15.1.2.2 IoT Lighting System Technology 385
15.1.3 Services of IoT Lighting Systems 386
15.2 Visible Light Communication, VLC 387
15.2.1 Principle 387
15.2.2 Data Push Applications 391
15.2.3 Indoor Navigation 392
15.2.4 Light as Sensor 393
15.2.5 Li-Fi 394
References 395
Part III: Application 398
Chapter 16: Lighting Quality and Standards 399
16.1 Lighting Quality Parameters 399
16.1.1 Lighting Level and Uniformity 400
16.1.1.1 Horizontal Illuminance 400
16.1.1.2 Wall and Ceiling Illuminance 401
16.1.1.3 Wall and Ceiling Luminance 401
16.1.1.4 Mean Room Surface Exitance 401
16.1.1.5 Melanopic Irradiance 402
16.1.1.6 Circadian Stimulus 402
16.1.2 Glare Restriction 403
16.1.2.1 Unified Glare Rating for a Lighting Installation 403
16.1.3 Face Recognition and Modelling 403
16.1.3.1 Cylindrical Illuminance 403
16.1.3.2 Cylindrical-to-Horizontal Illuminance Ratio 403
16.1.3.3 Vector-to-Scalar Ratio 404
16.1.4 Colour Appearance 404
16.1.4.1 Correlated Colour Temperature 404
16.1.4.2 Chromaticity Distance from Blackbody Locus 404
16.1.5 Colour Rendering 405
16.1.5.1 Colour Fidelity 405
16.1.5.2 Colour Saturation 405
16.2 Standards and Recommendations 405
16.2.1 ISO-CIE Standard 406
16.2.2 European Standard 406
16.2.2.1 Illuminance of the Working Plane and Its Surroundings 407
16.2.2.2 Illuminances on Room Surfaces 410
16.2.2.3 Lighting of People and Objects in the Interior Space 410
16.2.2.4 Discomfort Glare of the Installation 410
16.2.2.5 Shielding Against Glare 411
16.2.2.6 Indirect Glare due to Reflections in Display Screens 411
16.2.2.7 Colour 412
16.2.3 North American Standard 412
16.2.3.1 Illuminance Target Value System 413
16.2.3.2 Wall Luminance 414
16.2.3.3 Modelling 414
16.2.3.4 Discomfort Glare of the Installation 414
16.2.3.5 Overhead Glare 415
16.2.3.6 Indirect Glare due to Reflections in Display Screens 415
16.2.3.7 Colour 415
References 416
Chapter 17: Design Aspects 417
17.1 The Design Process 418
17.1.1 Analysis of the Lighting Function 418
17.1.2 Determination of Lighting Quality 419
17.1.3 Choice of Lighting and Control System 420
17.1.4 Choice of Lamp, Luminaire and Control Type 420
17.1.5 Determination of Number and Positions of Luminaires 420
17.2 Application-Specific Aspects 421
17.2.1 Office Lighting 421
17.2.1.1 Functional Lighting System 421
17.2.1.2 Ambient Lighting System 424
17.2.2 Industrial Lighting 425
17.2.2.1 Work Area Lighting 425
17.2.2.2 Task-Related Dedicated Lighting Effects 426
17.2.3 Classroom Lighting 427
17.2.3.1 Lighting Goals 427
17.2.3.2 Recommendations 430
17.2.4 Lighting for Healthcare Institutions 430
17.2.4.1 Wardrooms 430
17.2.4.2 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) 432
17.2.4.3 Nursing Homes 432
17.2.5 Emergency Lighting 433
17.2.5.1 Categories of Emergency Lighting 434
17.2.5.2 Emergency Lighting Installation 437
References 438
Chapter 18: Calculations and Measurements 440
18.1 Calculations 440
18.1.1 The Lumen Method 441
18.1.2 Computerised Calculations 442
18.2 Measurements 442
18.2.1 Light Detectors 442
18.2.1.1 Types 442
18.2.1.2 V(?) Correction 443
18.2.1.3 Cosine Correction 444
18.2.1.4 Pulsed Light Measurement 444
18.2.1.5 Ambient Influences 445
18.2.1.6 Ageing Effects 445
18.2.1.7 Accuracy 445
18.2.2 Measuring Lamps 446
18.2.2.1 Luminous Flux 446
18.2.2.2 Spectral Data 447
18.2.3 Measuring Luminaires 448
18.2.3.1 Light Distribution 448
18.2.3.2 Light Output 450
18.2.4 Measuring Lighting Installations 451
18.2.4.1 Illuminance and Luminance Measurements 451
18.2.4.2 Glare Measurements 452
18.2.4.3 Spectral Data 453
18.2.5 Light-Logging Devices 453
References 454
Appendix A: Standardised Relative Spectral Sensitivity Values V(?) 456
Appendix B: Calculation of x-y Chromaticity Coordinates 457
CIE Colour-Matching Functions 458
Appendix C: RVP Model of Weston 460
Appendix D: RVP Model of Rea 461
Appendix E: Evector/Escalar Ratio 463
Appendix F: Position Indices, p 465
Appendix G: Groningen Sleep Quality Scale 468
Appendix H: Normalised Formula for SVM according to CIE (2016) 469
References 470
Author Index 471
Subject Index 479
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 13.8.2019 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 483 p. 247 illus., 133 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Age effects in lighting • Circadian rhythms and misalignment • Colour specification and rendering • Dynamic lighting • Interior lighting design guidelines • Lamps and lumainaires • LEDs for lighting • Light and the visual mechanism • Lighting gear and drivers • Lighting quality parameter • Lighting standards and recommendation • Photobiological effects • Photopic and Scotopic vision • Visual performance and satisfaction |
| ISBN-10 | 3-030-17195-7 / 3030171957 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-030-17195-7 / 9783030171957 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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