Simplicity is Complex (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Chapter 1: Introduction 11
1.1 A Look Back in Time 12
Chapter 2: Understanding and Complexity 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Concepts 15
2.3 Causal Explanation 17
2.4 Teleological Explanation 20
2.5 Complexity 21
2.5.1 Complexity as a Property —Object Complexity 21
2.5.2 Complexity as a Relation—Cognitive Complexity 22
2.5.3 Complexity of a Model 25
2.6 Points to Remember 26
Chapter 3: Information Versus Data 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Information 29
3.2.1 Properties of an Itom 31
3.2.2 Human Communication 32
3.3 Data 33
3.3.1 Data for Humans 35
3.3.2 Data in Cyberspace 35
3.3.3 Explanation and Generation of Data 36
3.3.4 Sense Data and Refined Data 38
3.4 Essential Data (e-data) Versus Context Data (c-data) 40
3.5 Stigmergy 42
3.6 Points to Remember 44
Chapter 4: Modeling 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Modeling Relation 49
4.2.1 Execution Time of Model Algorithms 51
4.2.2 Model Error 52
4.3 Mental Models 53
4.3.1 Rational Model 54
4.3.2 Intuitive Model 55
4.3.3 Pragmatic Mental Model (PMM) 56
4.4 Cyber Models 57
4.5 Models of Time 59
4.6 Assumption Coverage Versus Model Complexity 60
4.7 Points to Remember 61
Chapter 5: Multi-Level Hierarchies 63
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Hierarchy Levels 64
5.2.1 Holons 65
5.3 Hierarchy Types 67
5.3.1 Formal Hierarchy 68
5.3.2 Information Hierarchy 68
5.3.3 Control Hierarchy 69
5.4 Emergence 70
5.4.1 Supervenience 73
5.5 Points to Remember 74
Chapter 6: Cyber-Physical Systems Are Different 76
6.1 Introduction 76
6.2 Autonomous Operation in the Physical World 77
6.3 Timeliness 77
6.3.1 Pacing 78
6.3.2 Execution Time of Algorithms 78
6.3.3 Simultaneity 79
6.4 Safety-Criticality 79
6.5 Cyber Security 80
6.6 Points to Remember 81
Chapter 7: Simplification 83
7.1 Introduction 83
7.2 Divide and Conquer 83
7.2.1 Partitioning in Space 85
7.2.2 Segmentation in Time 87
7.2.3 Abstraction 89
7.3 Static Structures 91
7.4 Emergence—New Conceptualization 91
7.5 Points to Remember 93
Chapter 8: Communication Systems 95
8.1 Introduction 95
8.2 Classification of Data 95
8.2.1 Real-Time Data (RT Data) 96
8.2.2 Non-Real-Time Data (NRT Data) 98
8.3 Communication Protocols 98
8.3.1 Global Time 99
8.3.2 Time-Triggered Protocols 99
8.3.3 Time-Triggered Protocol (TTP) 100
8.3.4 Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet) 101
8.4 Communication with the Controlled Object 101
8.4.1 Sensor Inputs 102
8.4.2 Actuator 102
8.5 Real-Time Transfer of Alarm Data 102
8.6 Points to Remember 104
Chapter 9: Interface Design 106
9.1 Introduction 106
9.2 Architectural Style 107
9.3 Interface Component 108
9.4 Interface Types 109
9.4.1 Service Interface 109
9.4.2 Configuration and Control Interface 110
9.4.3 Maintenance Interface 110
9.5 Interface Model 111
9.6 Human Machine Interface (HMI) 111
9.6.1 Alignment of Contexts 113
9.7 Points to Remember 115
Chapter 10: Simplification of a Design 117
10.1 Introduction 117
10.2 Purpose Analysis 117
10.3 System Evolution 119
10.4 Architecture Design 120
10.4.1 Top-Level System Structure 120
10.4.2 Independent Components 121
10.4.3 Scheduling Slack 122
10.4.4 Peak Load Behavior 122
10.4.5 Fault Management 122
10.5 Multi-Level Hierarchy 123
10.6 Safety-Critical Control System 125
10.7 Points to Remember 128
Chapter 11: Annex: Basic System Concepts 130
11.1 Introduction 130
11.2 Entities, Time, and Systems 130
11.3 Component 133
11.4 Communication 135
11.5 Failures, Errors and Faults 136
11.5.1 Software Errors 137
List of Abbreviations 138
References 139
Subject Index 143
Author Index 148