Fish Protection Technologies and Fish Ways for Downstream Migration (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 8
About the Authors 11
Symbols 12
1 Introduction 14
2 Basic Requirements of Fish Protection and Downstream Passage 18
2.1 Biological Phenomena and Mechanisms 18
2.1.1 Stages of Development and Migration 18
2.2 Swimming Performance 25
2.3 Swimming Behavior 30
2.4 Migration Behavior 32
2.4.1 Drift 33
2.4.2 Potamodromous Behavior 33
2.4.3 Diadromous Behavior 35
2.5 Migration Corridors 35
2.6 Migration Timers and Triggers 37
2.7 Rhythms of Migration 38
2.7.1 Daily Rhythm 38
2.7.2 Annual Rhythms 40
3 Impact of Limited Downstream Passability 44
3.1 Reactions to Migration Barriers 44
3.2 Delayed Migration Due to Ponded Areas and Barrages 45
3.3 Mortality Caused by the Passage of Barrages 47
3.4 Mortality Caused by the Passage of Turbines 52
3.4.1 Impact-Induced Injuries 56
3.4.2 Prognosis of a Turbine’s Mortality Rate 77
3.5 Mortality Due to Predation 80
3.6 Population-Biological Consequences of Passability Restrictions 80
3.6.1 Atlantic Salmon 83
3.6.2 Other Anadromous Species 86
3.6.3 European Eel 88
3.6.4 Potamodromous Species 90
4 Fish-Protection Facilities 92
4.1 Behavioral Barriers 92
4.1.1 Electric Deterrent Systems 93
4.1.2 Acoustic Deterrent Systems 96
4.1.3 Visual Deterrent Systems 99
4.1.4 Hanging Chain Curtains 100
4.1.5 Air Bubble Curtains 101
4.1.6 Water Jet Curtains 103
4.1.7 Deterrence Through Chemical Substances 103
4.1.8 Hybrid Behavioral Barriers 103
4.2 Mechanical Barriers 104
4.2.1 Construction Types 104
4.2.2 Cleaning Systems for Mechanical Barriers 128
4.2.3 Clearance of Physically Impassable Mechanical Barriers 132
4.2.4 Incoming Flow at Mechanical Barriers 145
4.2.5 Arrangement of Mechanical Barriers 153
4.3 Guidance Systems 174
4.3.1 Baffle 175
4.3.2 Bottom Overlay 177
5 Fishways for Downstream Migration 180
5.1 Traceability of Bypasses 182
5.1.1 Position in the Water Column 184
5.1.2 Bypasses at Vertical Screens Arranged Perpendiculary to the Flow 186
5.1.3 Bypasses at Flat Inclined Screens 190
5.1.4 Bypasses on Angled Screens 194
5.1.5 Special Eel Bypasses 195
5.2 Acceptance of Bypasses 198
5.2.1 Orientation of the Entrance 199
5.2.2 Size and Shape of the Bypass Entrance 201
5.2.3 Water Supply, Flow Velocity and Flow Gradient 203
5.2.4 Operating Periods 205
5.3 Passability of the Bypass Line 207
5.4 Bypass Construction Types 208
5.4.1 Upstream Fish Passes 208
5.4.2 Combinations with Screenings Transfer 210
5.4.3 Ship Locks 212
5.4.4 Spilling Weirs 212
5.5 Maintenance of Bypasses 213
6 Fish-Friendly Turbines 215
6.1 Mechanisms 215
6.1.1 Avoiding Impact Induced Injuries 215
6.1.2 Avoiding Cuts 216
6.2 Types of Fish Friendly Turbines 217
6.2.1 Fish-Friendly Kaplan Turbines 217
6.2.2 Minimum Gap Runner 218
6.2.3 Alden Turbine 220
6.2.4 Additional Developments 220
7 Fish-Friendly Operational Management 223
7.1 Fish-Friendly Operational Management for Potamodromous Species 223
7.2 Fish-Friendly Operational Management for Anadromous Species 224
7.3 Fish-Friendly Operational Management for the Catadromous Eel 227
7.3.1 Determining Migration Times of Silver Eels 227
7.3.2 Eel-Friendly Operation Options 229
7.3.3 Experiences with Eel-Friendly Operation of Hydropower Stations 232
7.4 Catch and Transport 236
7.4.1 Catch and Transport of Salmon Smolts 237
7.4.2 Catch and Transport of European Silver Eels 238
8 Species- and Development-Specific Requirements for Fish Protection and Downstream Passage 241
8.1 Target Species 242
8.2 Design Species 244
9 Habitat Measures 246
10 Open Questions and Knowledge Deficits 248
Appendix A List of Species 255
Appendix B Origine of Figures 257
Literature 259