Biodiesel Production

Preface
Contributing Authors
About the Editors
Biodiesel Basics
Biodiesel History
Properties of Biodiesel
Biodiesel Standards
Biodiesel versus Other Biorefinery Products
Biodiesel Blending, Storage, and Transport
Performance of Biodiesel as a Fuel and Demonstration of its Usage
References
Biodiesel: Variations, Properties, and Comparison with Diesel
Introduction
Variations in Biodiesel
Physicochemical Aspects
Contaminants in Biodiesel
Particulate Emissions
Conclusion
References
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Introduction
Transesterification of Oil/Fat to Biodiesel
Transesterification of Oil-Bearing Substances to Biodiesel
Biodiesel Production
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production
Introduction
Feedstocks and General Methods for Biodiesel Production
Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production
Cost Analysis of Immobilized Lipase-Based Transesterification
Summary
References
Plant Oil to Biodiesel
Introduction
Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
Physical and Chemical Properties of Plant Oils
Transesterification Processes of Plant Oils
Challenges in Biodiesel Production from Plant Oils
Future Work and Prospects
Summary
References
Animal Fat Biodiesel
Introduction
Sources of Animal Fats for Biodiesel Production
Comparative Studies of Free Fatty Acids
Effects of Metals on Tallow, Lard, Poultry, and Fish Fat
Conversion of Animal Fats into Biodiesel Using Charcoal and CO2
Measuring the Economic Impact of Animal Fat Biodiesel
Pros and Cons of Animal Fat Biodiesel
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Introduction
Sources of Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Comparison between Waste Cooking Oil and Virgin Oil
Cost Analysis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Summary
References
Microalgae Oil Biodiesel
Introduction
Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
Impact Factors of Microalgae Production and Oil Accumulation
Microalgae Cultivation Systems
Microalgae Biomass Harvest
Possibility of Microalgae Biodiesel
Summary
References
Single Cell Oil Biodiesel
Introduction
Characteristics of Single Cell Oil
Oleaginous Microorganisms for Single Cell Oil Production
Substrates Utilized for Single Cell Oil Production
Factors Affecting Production of Single Cell Oil
Degradation of Lipids in Carbon Limitation
Biochemistry of Single Cell Oil Production in Yeast
Genetic Engineering for Single Cell Oil Production
Cost and Economic Consideration in Single Cell Oil Production
Challenges and Prospects
Summary
References
Biodiesel Production from Oleaginous Microorganisms with Organic Wastes as Raw Materials
Introduction
Organic Wastes for Oleaginous Microorganism Cultivation
Parameters Affecting Lipid Accumulation
Case Studies
Challenges and Future Perspectives
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge
Introduction
Methods of Sludge Disposal
Sludge Characterization
Valuable Products from Wastewater Sludge
Recent Studies on Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge
Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Oil Extraction Processes
Comparison of Sludge-Based Oil with Other Oils
Techno-Economic Evaluation
Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives
Conclusions
References
Biodiesel Production Using Fermented Wastewater Sludge–Derived Lipids
Introduction
Characteristics of Wastewater Sludge
Biodiesel from Wastewater Sludge–Derived Lipids
Factors Affecting Lipid Production Using Wastewater Sludge
Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms Fed with Sludge
Challenges and Future Perspectives
Summary
References
Conversion of Crude Glycerol to Lipid and Biodiesel
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics and Composition of Crude Glycerol
13.3 Rationale for Use of Crude Glycerol in Lipid Production
13.4 Metabolism for Glycerol Uptake
13.5 Recent Studies on Lipid Production from Crude Glycerol
13.6 Analysis of Studies Reported in Literature
13.7 Major Findings from Previous Studies and Future Perspectives
13.8 Summary
13.9 References
Lignocellulosic Biomass: The Future Renewable Low-Cost Carbon Source for Microbial Lipid Production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lipid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
14.3 Fermentation
14.4 Types of Fermentation for Lipid Production
14.5 Pretreatment Inhibitors and Their Effect on Microbial Growth and Lipid Accumulation
14.6 Summary
14.7 References
Lipid Extraction Technologies
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cell Disruption
15.3 Physical Technologies of Lipid Separation
15.4 Chemical Technologies of Lipid Separation
15.5 Summary
15.6 Acknowledgments
15.7 References
Milking of Lipids from Oleaginous Microorganisms
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Microbial Potential for Lipid Production
16.3 Milking Methods to Extract Lipids
16.4 Summary and Future Prospects
16.5 References
Application of Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Lipid Production Using Nanotechnology
17.3 Lipid Extraction Using Nanotechnology
17.4 Nanotechnology in Selective Purification of Hydrocarbons from Oil
17.5 Nanotechnology in Transesterification Reaction
17.6 Conclusions
17.7 References
Genetic/Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Applications to Improve Single Cell Oil Accumulation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Gene Transfer Mechanisms
18.3 Advances in Genetic Engineering Tools
18.4 Multiple Knowledge Needed for Planning the Genetic Engineering
18.5 Genetic Engineering Strategies for Lipid Production
18.6 Genetic Engineering in Algae
18.7 Improvement in Biodiesel Production by Genetic Engineering
18.8 Importance of Gene Constructs and Synergy of Operons
18.9 Challenges in Designing Metabolic Pathways
18.10 Summary and Future Prospects
18.11 References
Recovery and Purification Technologies of Biodiesel
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biodiesel Separation Techniques
19.3 Biodiesel Purification Techniques
19.4 Quality Testing of Biodiesel
19.5 Storage, Stability, and Transportation
19.6 Future Work and Prospects
19.7 Summary
19.8 Acknowledgments
19.9 Abbreviations
19.10 References
Purification of Biodiesel Using Resins and Adsorbents
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Recent Case Studies
20.3 Comparative Studies among Adsorbents, Ion-Exchange Resins, and Wet-Washing Methods
20.4 Research on Improvement of Ion-Exchangers and Absorbents for Biodiesel Purification
20.5 Conclusions
20.6 References
Management of Coproducts from Biodiesel Production
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Bioresidue Generated after Harvest and Extraction of Oil from
Agricultural Biomass
21.3 Coproduct Management
21.4 Biorefinery Concept
21.5 Conclusions
21.6 Acknowledgments
21.7 References
Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production Processes
Historical Account of Biodiesel Industry Development
Necessity of Techno-Economic Evaluations
22.3 Evaluations with Vegetable Oil and Waste Cooking Oil
22.4 Techno-Economic Studies with Algal Oil
22.5 Advent of Single Cell Oil and Techno-Economic Shortcomings
22.6 Cost Considerations in Downstream Processing
22.7 Cost Consideration in the Transesterification Process
22.8 Post-Transesterification Purification Cost Consideration
22.9 Evaluation of Economic Feasibility
22.10 Global Biodiesel Economy and Roadmap Ahead
22.11 Conclusions
22.12 References
Biodiesel Impact on Environment and Health
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Effect on Air Quality
23.3 Effect on Water Resources
23.4 Effect on Soil
23.5 Effect on Biodiversity
23.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
23.7 Public Safety and Health
23.8 Challenges
23.9 Summary
23.10 Acknowledgments
23.11 References
Biodiesel: Socioeconomic and Political Aspects


24.1 Introduction


24.2 Policy Impetus to Biodiesel Production in Various Countries
24.3 The Oil Sector: Its Political Power and Sensitivity
24.4 Social and Environmental Aftermath of Biodiesel Production
24.5 Conclusions
24.6 References
Index