Ice Microfluidics (eBook)

Supervisor’s Foreword 6
Parts of this Thesis have been Published in the Following Journal Articles: 7
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 10
1 General Introduction 13
1.1 Ice and the Freeze Concentrated Solution (FCS) 13
1.2 Nano/Microfluidics and Nanospace Science 17
1.3 Aim and Summary of This Thesis 19
References 19
2 Ice Grain Boundary Electrophoresis 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.1.1 Current Studies of Size-Selective Separation 24
2.1.2 Concept of Ice Grain Boundary Electrophoresis 26
2.2 Experimental 27
2.2.1 Instrumentation 27
2.2.2 Fabrication and Observation of the Ice Grain Boundary Channels 28
2.2.3 Sample Injection into the Ice Grain Boundary Channels and Observation of Particle Migration 29
2.3 Results and Discussion 29
2.3.1 Morphology of the Ice Grain Boundary Formed in Sucrose-Doped Ice 29
2.3.2 Migration Behavior of the Microparticles in the Ice Grain Boundary Channels 33
2.3.3 Evaluation of the Ice Grain Boundary Channel Width 39
2.3.4 Size-Selective Separation of the Microparticles in the Ice Grain Boundary Channels 44
2.4 Summary 48
References 49
3 Migration Behavior of Bio-materials in Ice Grain Boundary Channels 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.1.1 Size-Separation of Cells 51
3.1.2 Separation and Characterization of Giant DNA 53
3.1.3 Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) and Their Functions 55
3.1.4 Objective of this Chapter 56
3.2 Experimental 57
3.2.1 Chemicals 57
3.2.2 Staining Biomaterials with Dyes 58
3.2.3 Surface Modification with AFPs 58
3.2.4 Ice Grain Boundary Electrophoresis of Biomaterials and Protein-Modified Particles 59
3.3 Results and Discussion 59
3.3.1 Migration Behavior of Yeast Cells in Ice Grain Boundary Channels 59
3.3.2 Migration Behavior of T4 GT7 DNA in the Ice Grain Boundary Channels 60
3.3.3 Evaluation of the Chemical Interaction Between the AFPs and Ice 64
3.4 Summary of this Chapter 69
References 70
4 Charging of the Ice/FCS Interface Revealed by Ice Zeta Potential Measurements 74
4.1 Introduction 75
4.1.1 Overview of the Zeta Potential Measurement 75
4.1.2 Objective of this Chapter 75
4.2 Experimental 76
4.2.1 Measurement of the Electrophoretic Mobility of the Probe Particles 76
4.2.2 Fabrication of Ice Microchannel and Subsequent Electrophoresis 79
4.3 Results and Discussion 81
4.3.1 Fabrication of the Ice Microchannel 81
4.3.2 Ice Zeta Potential and Its Temperature Dependence 83
4.3.3 Salt Concentration Dependence of the Ice Zeta Potential and Ion Adsorption 86
4.3.4 PH Dependence of the Ice Zeta Potential 91
4.4 Summary of this Chapter 93
References 95
5 Viscosity Measurements of the Freeze Concentration Solution Confined in the Space Surrounded by Ice Crystals 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.1.1 Overview of the Liquid in Nano/Microspaces 97
5.1.2 Overview of Viscosity Measurements in Nano/Microspaces 99
5.1.3 Objective 100
5.2 Experimental 100
5.2.1 Emission Intensity Measurements of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the FCS 100
5.2.2 Lifetime Measurement of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the FCS 101
5.2.3 Fluorescence Correlation (FCor) Spectroscopy Measurements 101
5.3 Results and Discussion 102
5.3.1 Morphology of the FCS in Glycerol-Doped Ice 102
5.3.2 Determination of the FCS Viscosity from the Quenching Reaction Between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Fe(CN)6]3? 103
5.3.3 Viscosity Measurement of FCS by FCor Spectroscopy 116
5.4 Summary 122
References 122
6 Conclusion and Outlook 126
Curriculum Vitae 131