Advances in Acoustic Emission Technology (eBook)

Preface 6
Committees 7
Organization Committee 7
Paper and Program Committee 7
Secretary Committee 8
Advisory Committee 8
Contents 11
Part I: Instrumentation 15
Discussion on Elastic Wave Sources for AE Sensor Calibration at Low Frequency 16
1 Introduction 16
2 Calibration System and Elastic Wave Selection 17
3 Results and Discussion 18
4 Discussion of Traceability for Pressure Sensitivity of AE Sensor 19
5 Conclusions 20
References 20
Proposal for an Absolute AE Sensor Calibration Setup 22
1 Status of AE Sensor Calibration 22
1.1 ASTM E-1106-2017, Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors 23
1.2 ASTM E-1781-2013, Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors 23
1.3 ISO TR13115-2011 Nondestructive Testing: Methods for Absolute Calibration of Acoustic Emission Transducers by the Reciproc... 24
1.4 ISO 12713:1998 Nondestructive Testing: Acoustic Emission Inspection-Primary Calibration of Transducers 24
1.5 ISO 12714:1999 Nondestructive Testing: Acoustic Emission Inspection-Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors 24
2 Sensor Verification in Face-to-Face Configuration 25
2.1 The Principle of F2F Sensor Verification 25
2.2 Advantage of F2F Sensor Verification 26
2.3 Disadvantage of F2F Verification 26
3 Proposal of a Method to Determine a Transmitter´s ``Transmitting Sensitivity´´ in Units of m/sV 27
3.1 LVM Setup 27
3.2 Results from Laser Vibrometer 29
4 Determining the Receiving Sensitivity of an AE Sensor in V per m/s and in V per nm 32
5 Examples of Response Curves and Receiving Sensitivity Curves of Three SUT Types 33
6 Units of Verification and Loading Effect 35
7 Summary 36
References 37
Difference Between FBG and PZT Acoustic Emission Sensor 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Math 39
2.1 FBG Sensing Principle 39
2.2 Theory of Demodulating System 41
3 Experiments Arrange 43
3.1 Feedback FBG AE Detecting System Setup 43
3.2 Direction Sensitivity Experiment Arrangement 43
3.3 Frequency Response Experiment Arrangement 44
4 Experiment Result Analysis 45
4.1 Direction Sensitivity Analysis 45
4.2 Frequency Response Analysis 46
5 Conclusion 47
References 48
Research on Fiber Bragg Grating Acoustic Emission Sensor 50
1 Introduction 50
2 FBG AE Sensor Package 51
2.1 Mechanism of Interaction Between Fiber Grating and AE Wave 51
2.2 FBG AE Sensors with Different Materials 52
Acrylic Encapsulation FBG Sensor 52
Stainless Steel Package FBG Sensor 53
2.3 Sensor Performance Test 54
3 Software Design of FBG AE Sensing System 56
3.1 LabVIEW Program Architecture 57
Event Structure 57
Producer/Consumer Model 57
3.2 The Overall Architecture 57
3.3 Front Panel Display 59
4 Epilogue 59
References 60
The Optimization of Magneto Acoustic Emission Testing Device 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Theoretical Analyses 63
3 Setup 64
4 Results and Discussion 64
5 Conclusion 67
References 67
Power Over Ethernet Daisy Chained Acoustic Emission System for Structure Health Monitoring 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Review of Mainstream AE System Architecture 70
3 Structure of Daisy Chained AE System 72
4 Structure Health Monitoring Applications with Daisy Chained AE System 75
5 Conclusions 76
References 76
UNISCOPE: Instrument Integrating NDT Methods 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Solvable Problems 77
3 Standard AE Testing 78
4 Tightness Test of Shutoff and Control Valves (SCV) 79
5 Integral Thickness Measurement 81
6 Concrete Strength Forecasting 83
7 Monitoring of Pipeline Pig Movement 84
8 Conclusion 85
References 86
Fiber Bragg Grating Acoustic Emission Demodulation System 87
1 Introduction 87
2 Fiber Grating Acoustic Emission Detection Technology 88
2.1 Detection Principle 88
2.2 Signal Processing Method 89
3 Acoustic Emission Test 89
3.1 Test of Broken Pencil Lead on Steel Plate 89
3.2 Rotating Machinery Fault Detection Experiment 91
4 Conclusion 94
References 95
Part II: Signal Processing and Analysis 96
Application of Modal Acoustic Emission Technique for Recognition of Corrosion Severity on a Thin Plate 97
1 Introduction 97
2 Theory 99
3 Experimental Setup 101
3.1 AE Experimental Setup 101
3.2 AE Event Acquisition 102
3.3 Wave Mode Identification 103
4 Result and Analysis 104
4.1 Exploring Correlation Between Corrosion Severity and AE Signal Waveforms 105
4.2 Comparison of Single Typical AE Signals Obtained from Two Experimental Groups 105
5 Conclusions 108
References 108
Research on the Identification of Crack Status Through the Axle Acoustic Emission Signal Based on Local Mean Decomposition and... 110
1 Introduction 111
2 Local Mean Decomposition 115
3 Basic Theory of Grey Correlation Analysis 115
3.1 Determination of Sequences 115
3.2 Non-dimensional Treatment of Data 115
3.3 Calculation of Correlation Coefficient 116
3.4 Determination of Weights 116
3.5 Calculation of Correlation Degree 116
4 Acquisition of Data 117
5 Local Mean Decomposition Processing of Signals 119
6 Summary 125
References 126
Acoustic Emission Characteristics Based on Energy Mode of IMFs 127
1 Introduction 127
2 Theory 129
3 Experiments 130
4 Results 131
4.1 Energy Entropy and Energy Vector 132
4.2 DIC Method 133
4.3 Typical Energy Mode 133
5 Conclusion 136
References 136
Two-Dimensional Source Location of Acoustic Emission by Means of AI 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Methodology 139
3 Numerical Test 141
4 Source Location Test in Corroded Concrete Beam Specimen 143
5 Conclusions 145
References 145
Part III: Material Characteristics 146
Acoustic Emission RA-Value and Granite Fracture Modes Under Dynamic and Static Loads 147
1 Introduction 148
2 Experimental Details 149
2.1 Sample Preparation 149
2.2 Experimental Setup 149
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 150
3.1 Analysis of RA-Value and Frequency Characteristics 150
3.2 Analysis of Waveforms in Impact-Loading Tests 153
4 Conclusions 157
References 158
Damage Detection in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Ultrasonic Full-Waveform Comparison 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Experimental Setup 162
3 Data Processing 165
3.1 Correlation Coefficient 165
4 Results and Discussion 166
5 Conclusion 167
References 167
Fatigue Damage Evaluation of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Using Acoustic Emission Entropy 169
1 Introduction 169
2 An Introduction to AE Entropy 172
3 Experimental Procedures 173
4 Results and Discussion 174
5 Conclusions 178
References 179
Acoustic Emission Behavior of TC4 Titanium Alloy Manufactured by Electron-Beam Free-Form Fabrication During Tensile Deformation 180
1 Purpose 180
2 Experiments 181
2.1 AE System 181
2.2 Tensile Tests 181
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 182
3.1 AE Parameter Distribution 182
3.2 AE Location Characteristics 182
3.3 Typical AE Waveform and Frequency Spectrum 183
4 Conclusion 184
References 185
An Entropy Approach for Characterization and Assessment of Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Q235 Steel Based on Acoustic Emissio... 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Fatigue Specimen and Experimental Procedure 187
2.1 Fatigue Specimen Preparation 187
2.2 Experimental Steps and Configuration 188
3 Result and Discussion 189
3.1 Analysis of Static Tensile Test Data 189
3.2 Analysis Based on Probability Entropy 191
3.3 Analysis of Scanning Electron Microscope Fractographs 193
4 Conclusion 195
References 196
Tensile Deformation Damage and Clustering Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals in Three-Dimensional Woven Composites 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Materials and Tensile Tests 200
3 Results and Discussion 201
3.1 Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Emission Signals 201
3.2 Multivariable Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 202
3.3 Full-Field Distributions of Displacement 205
4 Conclusion 206
References 207
The Study of Mechanical Behavior of Alloy Structural Steel Based on Dynamic Acoustic Emission Signal 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Analysis of AE Mechanism in Tensile Process of Metallic Material 209
2.1 AE Mechanism at Elastic Deformation Stage 209
2.2 AE Mechanism at Plastic Deformation Stage 209
2.3 AE Mechanism at Hardening Stage 210
2.4 AE Mechanism at Necking Fracture Stage 210
3 Experiment 211
3.1 Specimen Processing and Finite Element Simulation 211
3.2 Experiment Parameter Setting and Loading Scheme 211
4 Experiment Results and Discussion 212
4.1 Mechanical Characteristics Analysis 212
4.2 AE Characteristics of Tensile Damage 214
5 Conclusion 217
References 217
Acoustic Emission Characteristic of Ceramic Matrix Composite Under Static Loading 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Acoustic Emission Testing 219
2.1 Measurement 219
2.2 AE Sensor Arrangement 220
3 Conclusion 221
References 226
Part IV: Structure 227
Evaluation of Damage in RC Bridge Decks Reinforced with Steel Plates by AE Tomography 228
1 Introduction 229
2 AE Tomography 230
2.1 AE Tomography Method 230
2.2 AE Measurement in RC Bridge Decks 230
3 Results of Wave Velocity Distribution Due to AE Tomography 232
4 Verification of Damage in RC Bridge Deck 233
5 Evaluation of Fatigue Damage by Wheel Loading Test 233
5.1 Wheel Loading Program 233
5.2 Measurement Conditions 236
5.3 Results of Wheel Loading Test 236
6 Conclusions 237
References 237
Damage Quantification Using an Improved b-Value for Concrete Slabs 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Tomographic Approaches 240
3 Seismic b-Value and Improved b-Value 241
4 In Situ Application 241
4.1 Experimental Condition 241
4.2 Results 243
5 Conclusion 246
References 246
Defect Diagnosis of Low-Speed Heavy-Duty Bearings Using Acoustic Emission 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Experiments 249
2.1 Experimental Setup 249
2.2 Experimental Procedure 250
3 Results and Discussion 251
3.1 Parametric Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 251
3.2 Spectrum Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 252
3.3 Wavelet Transform Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 254
3.4 Effects of Rotating Speed and Load on Acoustic Emission Test Results 255
4 Conclusions 256
References 256
Investigation on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Steel Structure of Amusement Device 257
1 Introduction 257
2 Testing Object and Equipment 258
3 AE Attenuation Characteristics of the U-Shaped Track 259
4 Sound Velocity Test of the U-Shaped Track 260
4.1 Sensors Arrangement 260
4.2 Testing Results 260
5 AE Characteristics of the U-Shaped Track 261
5.1 Parameter Characteristics 261
5.2 Waveform and Spectrum Characteristics 262
5.3 Location Characteristics 263
6 Analysis 265
7 Conclusions 266
References 266
Case Studies on Tank Bottom In-Service Acoustic Emission Testing and Its Verifications 267
1 Introduction 268
2 Descriptions of Oil Tanks 268
3 AE Testing 269
3.1 Procedure of AE Testing 269
3.2 AE Grade and Testing Results 269
4 Verification 271
5 Reason for Difference in Testing Results 272
5.1 Lack of Tank Information 272
5.2 Characteristics of Found Defects 272
5.3 Review of Original AE Data 273
5.4 Properties of AE Technology 273
6 Conclusion 275
References 275
Corrosion Degree Evaluation and Leakage Judgment of Vertical Storage Tanks by AE Test 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Similar Evaluation Method for Tank AE Testing 277
2.1 Definition of Similar Tanks 278
2.2 Similar Detection Method and Data Processing 278
2.3 Definition of Event Rate 278
2.4 Discrimination of Acoustic Source Shape 279
2.5 Similar Evaluation 279
3 Template Cases and Analysis 279
3.1 Case 1: A 5000 m3 Tank with a Corrosion Perforation (G503) 279
3.2 Case 2: A 4000 m3 Tank with Local Corrosion (0602#) 281
4 Conclusions 285
References 285
Acoustic Emission Testing and Evaluation of Ethylene Horizontal Tank 286
1 Introduction 286
2 Acoustic Emission Testing 287
2.1 Object 287
2.2 Inspection Standard 287
2.3 Equipment and Parameters 288
2.4 Sensor Layout Scheme 288
2.5 Loading Process 288
3 Analysis of Test Results 288
4 Conclusion 291
References 292
Application and Research of Acoustic Emission in the Fatigue Test of Hoop-Wrapped Composite Cylinders 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Experiment Method 294
3 Experiment Results and Analysis 295
3.1 Fatigue Initial Stage 295
3.2 Fatigue Leak Stage 297
3.3 Cracking and Leaking Stage 297
4 Conclusion 298
References 300
A Method for Small Leak Precise Location in Pressure Piping by Acoustic Emission 301
1 Introduction 301
2 Basic Theory 302
2.1 Pipeline Leak Location Theory 302
2.2 Wavelet De-noising 303
2.3 Time-Frequency Analysis 304
2.4 Modal Acoustic Emission 304
3 Pipe Leak Test 305
4 Experimental Data Analysis and Processing 307
5 Conclusion 309
References 311
Study of Acoustic Emission Attenuation Characteristics of the Steel Bifurcated Pipe in Hydropower Station 312
1 Introduction 313
2 Waveform Analysis 313
3 Theoretical Analysis and Mathematical Model Building 316
4 Experimental Study of Acoustic Emission Attenuation Characteristics of Steel Bifurcated Pipe 318
4.1 The Amplitude-Distance Attenuation Test 318
4.2 Amplitude Modification Curve of Acoustic Emission Source 319
5 Conclusions 320
References 321
Research on Pipeline Fault Diagnosis Technology Based on Automatic Encoder 322
1 Introduction 322
2 Automatic Encoder 323
3 Pipeline Fault Diagnosis Model Based on CDLNN 325
3.1 Depth Learning Neural Network Classification Model 325
3.2 CDLNN Model Classification Performance Test 326
3.3 Select the Sample Data 326
3.4 Select the Feature Variable 327
3.5 Pipeline Status Coding 327
3.6 CDLNN Model for Pipeline Fault Diagnosis 327
4 Implementation Steps of Pipeline Fault Diagnosis 328
5 Experiment and Result Analysis 329
5.1 Experimental Design 329
5.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 331
6 Conclusion 333
References 333
Acoustic Emission Testing of a Friction Stir Welding Aluminum Alloy Pressure Vessel 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Test Process 336
3 Test Results and Discussion 337
3.1 Characteristic Parameter Distribution and Analysis 337
3.2 Location Results and Analysis 341
3.3 Analysis of Blasting Fracture Morphology 343
4 Conclusion 344
References 345
Part V: Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis 346
Valve Leakage Analysis in Reciprocating Compressor by Using Acoustic Emission Technique 347
1 Introduction 347
2 Theoretical Estimation of Valve Flow Rate 348
3 Experiment Setup 350
4 Results and Discussions 352
5 Conclusions 354
References 355
Determination of Characteristic Frequency Segments of Acoustic Emission Signal for Valve Leakage Detection in Reciprocating Co... 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) 357
3 Methodology 359
3.1 Experiment Setup 359
3.2 Data Preparation 361
4 Results and Discussions 362
5 Conclusions 367
References 367
Acoustic Emission Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Based on Discrete Hidden Markov Model 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Experimental Device 370
3 Basic Theory and Process 370
3.1 DHMM Basic Theory 370
3.2 Ascoustic Emission Signal and DHMM Implementation 371
Subframe Processing of Acoustic Emission Signals 371
Acoustic Emission Signal Wavelet Packet Eigenvector Extraction 371
DHMM Training for Multiple Observation Sequences 372
4 Results and Discussion 374
4.1 Comparison of Logarithmic Likelihood Probability Values of Three Bearing States 374
4.2 DHMM Test 374
5 Summary 374
References 376
Part VI: Miscellaneous 377
Influencing Factors of Partial Discharge of Needle-Plate Based on Acoustic Emission Detection 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Acoustic Emission Detection and Analysis of Partial Discharge 379
2.1 Experimental Design of Partial Discharge Model 379
2.2 Detection and Analysis of Partial Discharge Signal Based on Acoustic Emission 380
3 Test Results and Analysis 382
3.1 Counting and Energy Analysis 382
3.2 Time-Frequency Analysis of Partial Discharge Acoustic Emission Signals 385
4 Conclusion 386
References 386
Application of Multistep Source Localization Method with Narrowing Velocity Interval in Mines 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Overview of the Multistep Localization Method 389
3 Results and Discussions 390
4 Conclusions 394
References 394
Statistical Precursor of Induced Seismicity Using Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Seismic Sequence in Mines 397
1 Introduction 397
2 Methods 399
2.1 Gutenberg-Richter Magnitude-Frequency Relationship 399
2.2 Hurst Exponent 400
2.3 Benioff Strain 401
3 Results and Discussions 402
4 Conclusions 406
References 406
A Method for Leak Detection of Spacecraft in Orbit Based on Beam-Forming 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Location Method 410
3 Experiment Device 412
4 Experiment Data Analysis 413
5 Conclusion 414
References 415
Improved Ray Tracing Method Based on the Snell´s Law 416
1 Introduction 416
2 Methods 418
2.1 The Shortest Path Method 418
No Disturbing 419
Comparing the Velocity 419
2.2 Snell´s Law 420
Rays Pass Through Nodes (as Shown in Fig. 5) 421
P2 and P3 Are Close to the Same Node 422
3 Simulation Calculation 422
3.1 The Traditional Path 424
3.2 The Improved Path 426
4 Result Analysis 426
5 Discussion and Conclusion 427
References 428
Index 430