Plant Nanobionics (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
About the Author 14
Chapter 1: Recent Advancements and New Perspectives of Nanomaterials 15
Chapter 2: Recent Progress in Applied Nanomaterials 47
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture Sector 48
2.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Germination of Seed 49
2.2.2 Nanofertilizer and Nanopesticides 51
2.2.2.1 Macro- and Micronutrient Nanofertilizers 51
2.2.2.2 Nanopesticides 52
2.2.3 Role of Nanosensors in Agriculture 54
2.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Food Sector 55
2.3.1 Food Processing and Packaging 55
2.3.1.1 Antimicrobial Packaging 56
2.3.1.2 Barrier Packaging 56
2.3.1.3 Biodegradable Packaging 57
2.3.2 Other Advantages of Nanomaterials in Food Industry 57
2.3.2.1 Nanosensors 58
2.4 Application of Nanomaterials in Manufacture and Electronics 58
2.5 Applications in Environment 59
2.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine 60
2.6.1 Organic Nanoparticles 60
2.6.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles Role in Therapeutics 60
2.6.1.1.1 PLGA Nanoparticles 61
2.6.1.1.2 Chitosan 62
2.6.1.1.3 Dendrimers 63
2.6.2 Liposomes 65
2.6.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 66
2.6.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 66
2.6.3.2 Quantum Dots 68
2.7 Conclusion 69
References 70
Chapter 3: An Insight into Plant Nanobionics and Its Applications 79
Chapter 4: Plastics, Micro- and Nanomaterials, and Virus-Soil Microbe-Plant Interactions in the Environment 97
Chapter 5: Characterization Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials 116
Chapter 6: Impact of Nanomaterials in Plant Systems 130
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Types of Nanomaterials 132
6.2.1 Metal Nanomaterials 132
6.2.2 Carbon-Based Materials 133
6.2.3 Polymeric Nanomaterials 134
6.2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials 135
6.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 136
6.3.1 Top-Down Synthesis 136
6.3.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis 137
6.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Plant Growth 137
6.5 Phytotoxic Responses to Nanomaterials 138
6.5.1 Nanotoxicity and Plant Growth 146
6.5.2 Physiological and Biochemical Responses 147
6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 147
References 148
Chapter 7: Nanoagriculture and Energy Advances 154
7.1 Nanotechnology and Nanoagriculture 155
7.2 Water 156
7.2.1 Sensor for Diagnostic 156
7.2.1.1 Quality 157
7.2.1.2 Microorganism and Contaminants Detected 157
7.2.2 Water Purification 159
7.2.2.1 Photocatalysis 160
7.2.2.2 Membranes, Zeolites, and Nanoporous Materials 162
7.2.2.3 Metallic and Magnetic Nanoparticles 163
7.3 Nanoagriculture 165
7.3.1 Pesticides and Fertilizers 165
7.3.2 Smart Agrochemical Delivery Systems 166
7.3.3 Sensor to Monitor Soil Conditions 166
7.4 Energy 167
7.4.1 Biogas 167
7.4.2 Biofuels 168
7.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells 168
7.4.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 170
7.5 Outlooks 170
References 171
Chapter 8: Nanopesticides and Nanosensors in Agriculture 178
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 Pesticide Toxicity 180
8.3 Nanopesticides 181
8.4 Nanoformulations 186
8.5 Detection of Pesticides 188
8.6 Ecotoxicology of Nanomaterials and Related Regulations 190
References 191
Chapter 9: Nano-agriculture in the Food Industry 195
Chapter 10: Nanotechnology and Plant Extracts as a Future Control Strategy for Meat and Milk Products 213
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Nanoencapsulation of Plant Extracts 214
10.3 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 217
10.4 Biological Hazards in Meat and Milk Products 219
10.4.1 Antibacterial Effects of Nanoencapsulated Plant Extracts in Meat and Milk Products 220
10.4.2 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Nanoparticles 223
10.4.3 Antifungal Effects of Nanoparticles 240
10.5 Oxidation of Meat and Milk Products 241
10.5.1 Antioxidative Effect of Nanoencapsulated Plant Extracts 242
10.5.2 Antioxidative Effect of Nanoparticles 243
10.5.3 Antioxidant Active Packaging 245
10.5.3.1 Use of Nanoencapsulation in Antioxidant Active Packaging 245
10.5.3.2 Nanoparticles in Antioxidant Active Packaging 247
10.5.3.3 Nanoparticles in Oxygen Colorimetric Indicators 247
10.6 Chemical Hazards and Application of Nanoparticles in the Meat and Milk Sectors 248
10.7 Current Limitations, Safety, and Further Perspectives of Nanoparticle Application in the Food Industry 249
References 251
Chapter 11: Impact of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesizing Organisms and Their Use in Hybrid Structures with Some Components of Photosynthetic Apparatus 266
11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Photosynthesizing Organisms 269
11.2.1 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Algae 269
11.2.1.1 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 269
11.2.1.2 Fullerene 271
11.2.1.3 Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 271
11.2.2 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Vascular Plants 273
11.2.2.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide 274
11.2.2.2 Fullerene, Fullerenol 275
11.2.2.3 Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 275
11.2.3 Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Algae 279
11.2.3.1 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 280
11.2.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 281
11.2.3.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 283
11.2.3.4 Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles 283
11.2.3.5 Cr2O3 Nanoparticles 284
11.2.3.6 Silver Nanoparticles 284
11.2.3.7 Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles 286
11.2.3.8 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 287
11.2.4 Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Vascular Plants 289
11.2.4.1 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 289
11.2.4.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 293
11.2.4.3 Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeNPs) 297
11.2.4.4 Silver Nanoparticles 301
11.2.4.5 Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles 304
11.2.4.6 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 308
11.3 Hybrid Structures of Nanoparticles and Components of Photosynthetic Apparatus Operating as Photoelectric Systems 311
11.3.1 Hybrid Structures Containing Photosystem I 312
11.3.2 Hybrid Structures Containing Photosystem II 315
11.3.3 Hybrid Structures Containing Cytochrome c 316
11.3.4 Hybrid Structures Containing Chloroplasts, Thylakoids, and Photosynthetic Pigments 317
11.3.5 Hybrid Structures Containing Cyanobacteria and Alga 318
11.4 Improving Plant Functioning by Nanobionics Approach 319
11.5 Conclusion 321
References 322
Chapter 12: Nanotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture 344
12.1 Introduction: Tissue Culture in Modern Agriculture 345
12.2 From the Twentieth Century to the Current Scenario 347
12.3 Accelerated Multiplication of Plants 347
12.4 Uses of Plant Tissue Culture Technology 349
12.5 Genetic Improvement of Crops 353
12.6 Obtaining Healthy Plants and Conservation of Germplasm 354
12.7 Production of Drugs and Other Natural Products 355
12.8 Advance of Nanotechnology in Plant Tissue Culture 356
12.8.1 Nanomaterials in Plant Biotransformation 361
12.8.2 Using Nanomaterials as Decontaminant Agent in Plant Tissue Culture 364
12.8.3 Nanomaterial-Based Decontamination in Plant Tissue Culture 365
12.8.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) 366
12.8.3.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 367
12.8.3.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO) 368
12.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook 369
References 370
Chapter 13: Advances in Nanobiotechnology with Special Reference to Plant Systems 382
13.1 Introduction 383
13.2 Interaction of Nanoparticles with the Plant Systems 383
13.2.1 Source of the Nanomaterials 384
13.2.2 Uptake of Nanomaterial by the Plant Cell 384
13.2.3 Movement of the Nanoparticles Through the Plant Tissues 385
13.2.4 Effects of Plant-Nanoparticles Interaction on Growth and Development 386
13.3 Nanomaterials Role in Modulation of Primary Metabolism and Secondary Metabolism 388
13.4 Nanobionics Plants: Improved Photosynthesis and Chemical Sensing Potential of Plants 391
13.5 Conclusion 392
References 393
Index 399