Electrical Design of a 400 kV Composite Tower (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Overview of Composite-Based Transmission Pylons 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Composite-Based Transmission Towers-State of the Art Review 14
1.2.1 Demand for New Overhead Lines 14
1.2.2 Aesthetical Overhead Transmission Pylons 14
1.2.3 Composite-Based Transmission Pylons 17
1.3 Introduction of Power Pylons of the Future Project 18
1.4 Challenges and Research Objectives 20
1.5 Outlines of Book 23
References 24
2 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composite Selection for the Composite Cross-Arm Core 26
2.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites 26
2.1.1 Fibers 26
2.1.2 Polymers 27
2.1.3 Manufacturing Methods 28
2.2 Application of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites to Transmission Towers 29
2.2.1 Composite Insulators 29
2.2.2 Composite Cross-Arms 31
2.2.3 Composite Tower Poles 33
2.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites in the Fully Composite Pylon 37
2.3.1 Structure of the Composite Cross-Arm 37
2.3.2 Electrical and Mechanical Effects on the Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Core 37
2.3.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Properties in Consideration 40
2.4 Electrical Test on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites 42
2.4.1 Test Circuit and Setup 42
2.4.2 Electrical Test 51
2.4.3 Discussion 60
2.5 Electrical-Mechanical Combined Test on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites 63
2.5.1 Combined Test Circuit and Setup 64
2.5.2 Combined Test 67
2.5.3 Test Results 69
2.5.4 Discussion 72
2.6 Summary 73
References 74
3 Air Clearances of Fully Composite Pylon 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Insulation Coordination 78
3.2.1 Overvoltages 79
3.2.2 Insulation Strength Characteristics 79
3.2.3 Failure Risk of Insulation 81
3.3 Insulation Coordination Procedure 84
3.4 Determination of Minimum Required Air Clearances 84
3.4.1 Internal and External Clearances at the Tower Top and Mid-Span 89
3.5 Summary 90
References 91
4 Electrical Design of Fully Composite Pylon 92
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Insulation Design 92
4.2.1 Creepage Distance 92
4.2.2 Shed Profile 94
4.3 Electric Field Considerations 99
4.3.1 Electric Field Criteria 101
4.4 Finite Element Analysis of Fully Composite Pylon 102
4.4.1 Basic Design of Fully Composite Pylon 102
4.4.2 Modifications in Fully Composite Pylon Design 106
4.4.3 Optimization of Corona Rings 109
4.5 Summary 124
References 124
5 Electric Field Verification by High Voltage Experiments on the Composite Cross-Arm 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.1.1 Fundamental of Corona Discharge 127
5.1.2 Corona Discharge on the Surface of a Composite Insulator 130
5.1.3 Electric Field Distribution Around Composite Insulators 131
5.1.4 Water Induced Corona Discharge 133
5.2 Water Induced Corona Test Circuit and Setup 136
5.2.1 Schematic of the Test Circuit 137
5.2.2 Test Setup 139
5.3 Electric Field Distribution on the the Composite Cross-Arm 148
5.3.1 Electric Field on the Cross-Arm Surface with Initial Design 148
5.3.2 Electric Field on the Cross-Arm Segment in the Test 149
5.4 Water Induced Corona Discharge Test 150
5.4.1 Test Procedure 150
5.4.2 Test Results 151
5.4.3 Effects of Inclined Angles 154
5.5 Discussion 158
5.5.1 Criterion for Allowable Electric Field Magnitude on the Cross-Arm Surface 158
5.5.2 Effects of Inclined Angles on Water Induced Corona Activities 159
5.6 Summary 161
References 162
6 Lightning Shielding Performance of Fully Composite Pylon 164
6.1 Introduction 164
6.2 Shielding Angle 164
6.3 Shielding Analysis Using Electro-Geometric Method (EGM) 168
6.4 Fully Composite Pylon with -60° Shielding Angle 171
6.5 Shielding Analysis Using Rolling Sphere Method (RSM) 177
6.5.1 Protected Areas and Striking Distances in Rolling Sphere Method 179
6.5.2 Application of Rolling Sphere Method for Fully Composite Pylon 181
6.6 Summary 185
References 186
7 Lightning Shielding Failure Investigation by High Voltage Experiments 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.1.1 Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) 187
7.1.2 Scale Model Test 188
7.2 Shielding Performance Evaluated by Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) of the Fully Composite Pylon 192
7.3 Scale Model Test for the Fully Composite Pylon 193
7.3.1 Experimental Setup 193
7.3.2 Test Progress 197
7.3.3 Test Results and Analysis 199
7.4 Comparison of Electro-Geometric Model (EGM) and Scale Model Test Results 203
7.4.1 Shielding Failure Zone 203
7.4.2 Maximum Shielding Failure Current 204
7.4.3 Shielding Failure Rate (SFR) and Shielding Failure Flashover Rate (SFFOR) 206
7.4.4 Effects of the Cross-Arm Inclined Angle 207
7.5 Summary 208
References 209
8 Environmental Effects of Fully Composite Pylon 211
8.1 Introduction 211
8.2 Surface Gradient on Phase Conductors 212
8.3 Audible Noise 216
8.3.1 Audible Noise Results and Discussions 217
8.3.2 Acoustic Performance of an Overhead Line Composed of Fully Composite Pylons 221
8.4 Radio Noise 222
8.4.1 Radio Noise Results and Discussions 224
8.4.2 Radio Noise Performance of Line 227
8.5 Corona Loss 228
8.5.1 Calculated Corona Losses and Discussion 229
8.6 Electromagnetic Emissions 230
8.6.1 Phase Conductor Arrangements 231
8.6.2 Analytical and Finite Element Method Results and Comparison 232
8.6.3 Determination of Right-of-Way (ROW) Width 235
8.7 Summary 236
References 237
9 Conclusion 239
9.1 Conclusions 239
9.2 Future Challenges 245
A 247
B 250