Nanotechnology in Modern Animal Biotechnology (eBook)

Dr. Sanjay Singh is currently an Associate Professor at the Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Dr. Singh obtained his Ph.D. from CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India and continued his research work as postdoctoral fellow at the University of Central Florida and Pennsylvania State University, USA. His research work includes the synthesis of novel anti-cancerous drug formulation and nanomaterials with biological enzyme-like characteristics. Utilizing these materials, he has established several strategies for cancer treatment and detection of biomolecules to protect mammalian cells and developed non-antibiotic antibacterial agents. He has been bestowed with several national and international awards such as Endeavour Research Fellowship (2015), YY Memorial Award (2016), International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Medal (2017), and EMBO Fellowship (2018). He has published 1 edited book, 5 book chapters, and over 70 research articles in various reputed international journals. He has also worked as guest editor of few annual meeting of the Society for Redox Biology and Medicine (SfRBM) and currently serving as Associate Editor in Cheif for the journals “3Biotech” (Springer Nature) and OncoTargets and Therapy (Dove Press).   Dr. Pawan Kumar Maurya is currently employed as Associate Professor  & Head at Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana (Gov. of India), India. Dr. Maurya is also Deputy Director at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra (DDUKK), Central University of Haryana, India. He did his B.Sc. Biology (1998-2001), M.Sc. in Biochemistry (2001-2003),(First Rank) and Ph.D in Biochemistry from Allahabad University (2003-2008). He did his post-doctoral training from Taipei Medical University (2011-2012), Taiwan and Federal University of Sao Paulo (2014-2016), Brazil. Before joining Central University of Haryana, Dr. Maurya worked as Lecturer at SBS University, Dehradun and as Assistant Professor at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida. India. Dr. Maurya’s research contributions are highly interdisciplinary. Dr. Maurya is working on accelerated aging in neuropsychiatric disorders, nanomedicine, and clinical biochemistry. He has published over 54 research articles in reputed journals and one book (Springer, Singapore). Dr. Maurya is recipient of   prestigious fellowship: Science without Borders (Government of Brazil). He is member of various academic bodies of Central University of Haryana.

Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
Contents 8
About the Editors 9
Novel Therapeutics and Diagnostics Strategies Based on Engineered Nanobiomaterials 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Salient Features of Nanomaterials 13
3 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials 14
3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 14
3.2 Stem Cell Therapy 15
3.3 Potential Therapeutics for Neurodegeneration 17
3.4 Cancer Therapy 18
3.5 Wound Healing Applications 19
4 Drug Delivery 21
4.1 Nano-emulsions 21
4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 23
4.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 23
4.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) 23
4.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 24
4.2.4 Quantum Dots (QDs) 24
5 Nanomaterials in Diagnostics 25
5.1 Nanocomposites 25
5.2 Nanoparticles 26
5.3 Quantum Dots 27
6 Conclusions and Future Prospective 27
References 28
Gold Nanostructures for Photothermal Therapy 38
1 Introduction 39
2 Types of Gold Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties 40
2.1 Gold Nanospheres 41
2.2 Gold Nanorods 43
2.3 Gold Nanoshells 43
2.4 Gold Nanocages and Nanorattles 43
2.5 Gold Nanostars (GNSTs) and Gold Nanopopcorns (GNPs) 44
3 Mechanism of Heat Generation and Cell Death Induced by Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 45
3.1 Mechanism of Heat Generation 45
3.2 Mechanism of Cell Death 45
3.2.1 Apoptosis 45
3.2.2 Necrosis 46
3.2.3 Secondary or Apoptotic Necrosis 46
3.2.4 Factors Affecting Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy (PPTT) 46
3.2.5 Mechanism of Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy (PPTT) 47
4 Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy by Different Gold Nanostructures 50
4.1 Gold Nanospheres 50
4.2 Gold Nanorods (GNRs) 50
4.3 Gold Nanoshells (GNSs) 58
4.4 Gold Nanocages (GNCs) and Gold Nanorattles (GNRTs) 61
4.5 Gold Nanostars (GNSTs) and Gold Nanopopcorns (GNPs) 63
4.6 Gold Nanoaggregates 64
5 Summary and Outlook 66
References 69
Nanomaterials-Based siRNA Delivery: Routes of Administration, Hurdles and Role of Nanocarriers 75
1 Introduction 76
1.1 Mechanism of siRNA Interference 78
2 Advantages of siRNA 80
2.1 Potency 80
2.2 Selectivity 81
2.3 Safe and Cheap Alternative 81
3 Routes of Administration of siRNA 82
3.1 Localized Delivery 82
3.1.1 Topical Administration 82
3.1.2 Ocular Administration 83
3.1.3 Pulmonary Administration 84
3.1.4 Gastrointestinal Administration 85
3.1.5 Central Nervous System Administration 86
3.1.6 Vaginal Administration 87
3.2 Systemic Delivery 87
3.2.1 Oral Administration 88
3.2.2 Intravenous Administration 88
3.2.3 Intraperitoneal Administration 88
4 Major Hurdles to the Therapeutic Delivery of siRNA 89
4.1 Transient Effect 89
4.2 Stability 90
4.3 Physiological Barriers 90
4.4 Cellular Uptake and Endosomal Engulfing 90
4.5 Off-Target Effect 92
4.6 Saturation of RNAi Machinery 93
4.7 Stimulation of Immune System by siRNAs 93
5 Overcoming the Hurdles to siRNA Delivery Using Nanocarriers 94
6 The Aid of Nanocarriers for siRNA Delivery 95
6.1 Enhanced Blood Retention Time 95
6.2 Enhanced Stability and Cell Penetration Property 95
6.3 Site-Specific Delivery 96
6.4 pH-Sensitive Trigger Release 97
6.5 Avoid Intracellular Endosomal Engulfing 98
7 Classification of Nanocarriers Used for Systemic Delivery of siRNA 98
7.1 Organic Nanocarriers 98
7.1.1 Polymeric Nanocarriers/Polyplexes 99
7.1.2 Nanomicelles-Based Delivery 102
7.1.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 102
7.1.4 Liposomes/Lipoplexes 104
7.1.5 Dendrimers 106
7.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers 108
7.2.1 Mesoporous Silica and Silicon-Based Nanoparticles 108
7.2.2 Calcium Phosphate Core-Shell Nanocarriers 110
7.2.3 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 110
7.3 Hybrid Nanocarriers 111
8 Conclusion 111
References 113
Silver-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Coatings for Biomedical Applications 123
1 Introduction 124
2 Strategies for Designing Novel Antimicrobial Surfaces 126
3 Antimicrobial Silver and Nano-silver for Coatings: A Historical Relevance 128
4 Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 130
5 Polymers as Support Matrix 132
5.1 Natural Polymers 132
5.2 Synthetic Polymers 134
6 Silver-Polymer Nanocomposites 134
6.1 Silver Based Nanocomposites Derived from Natural Polymers 136
6.2 Silver Based Nanocomposites Derived from Synthetic Polymers 143
6.2.1 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) 145
6.2.2 Polyurethanes 146
6.2.3 Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its Substitutes 149
6.2.4 Poly (Lactic Acid), PLA 150
6.2.5 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide), PLGA 151
6.2.6 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 151
6.2.7 Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) 153
6.2.8 Poly (tetrafluoroethylene), PTFE 154
6.2.9 Cellulose 155
6.2.10 Other Polymers of Biomedical Importance 159
7 Compatibility of Biomedical Coatings Containing Silver Nanoparticles 161
8 Toxicity and Safety Aspects of Nano Silver Based Nanocomposite Coatings 162
8.1 Silver Toxicity Towards Humans 162
9 Conclusions 164
References 165
Recent Trends of Nano-material as Antimicrobial Agents 180
1 Introduction 181
2 Classification of Nanomaterial as Antimicrobial Agents 184
2.1 Metallic Nanomaterial 185
2.1.1 Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles 185
2.1.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 186
2.1.3 Titanium Oxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 186
2.1.4 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles 186
2.1.5 Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles 187
2.1.6 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3) 187
2.1.7 Magnesium (Mg) Nanoparticles 187
2.1.8 Bismuth Nanoparticles (Bi) 188
2.1.9 Calcium Nanoparticles (Ca) 188
2.1.10 Silicon (Si) Nanoparticles 188
2.2 Non-metallic Nanomaterial 188
2.2.1 Hydrogel-Based Nanomaterial 188
2.2.2 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial 189
2.2.3 Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 189
2.2.4 Organic Nanomaterial 190
2.2.5 Polymer Nanomaterial 190
3 Application of Nanomaterial as Antimicrobial Agent 191
4 Toxicity of Nanomaterial 192
5 Metal Nanomaterial 192
5.1 Metal Oxide Nanomaterial 193
5.2 Carbon Nanomaterial 194
5.3 Quantum Dots 194
6 Summary, Outlook and Future Needs 195
References 196
Therapeutic Leishmaniasis: Recent Advancement and Developments in Nanomedicines 201
1 Introduction 202
2 Leishmania Diagnostics and Their Limitations 206
3 Current Therapeutic Regimen and Their Limitations 207
3.1 Pentavalent Antimony Compound 207
3.2 Pentamidine 207
3.3 Miltefosine 208
3.4 Amphotericin B (AmpB) 208
3.5 Liposomal Amphotericin-B 209
3.6 Paromomycin 209
4 Nanomedicine 210
4.1 Nanoparticles Based Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis 210
4.2 Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Its Efficacy for Leishmaniasis 212
5 Limitation and Future Prospects of Nanomedicine for Leishmaniasis 217
6 Conclusion 219
References 220
Nanomanipulation of Consumer Goods: Effects on Human Health and Environment 227
1 Introduction 228
2 Release of Nanomaterials from Paints and Inks 231
3 Use of Nanomaterials in Textile Industry 233
4 Nanomaterials Release from Cosmetics 237
5 Nanomaterial Release from the Products Used in the Health Sector 241
6 Release of Nanomaterials from Consumer Products and Their Impact on Environment and Human Health 242
6.1 Nanomaterial Exposure to Human Organs 243
6.2 Environmental Factors and Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials 244
6.3 Environmental Issues Caused by Nanomaterials 245
6.4 Soil as a Sink for Nanomaterials 246
7 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterial on Human Health 246
8 Removal of NMs from Environment 248
8.1 Electronic Waste 249
8.2 Process of Materials Recycling and Recovery 249
9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 250
References 251