Biomanufacturing (eBook)

Dr. Chander Prakash is an Associate Professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He holds a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and his research interests include biomaterials, rapid prototyping & 3-D printing, advanced manufacturing, modeling, simulation, and optimization. With more than 11 years of teaching experience and 6 years of research experience, he has published 50 research papers and 10 book chapters. He is also editor of 3 books and 3 journals.  Dr. Sunpreet Singh is an Assistant Professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He holds a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India. His research interests include additive manufacturing, and 3D printing for the development of new biomaterials for clinical applications. He has published 50 research papers and 10 book chapters.  Prof. Rupinder Singh is a Professor at the Department of Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India. His research focuses on non-traditional machining, additive manufacturing and the development of porous biomaterials using 3D printing and rapid prototyping techniques. He has more than 18 years of teaching and research experience and has published 17 books and 3 book chapters.  Prof. Seeram Ramakrishna is Co-Director, NUS Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Initiative (NUSNNI). He has received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge, and is a global leader in electrospinning and nanostructured materials. Professor Seeram Ramakrishna’s research has resulted in approximately 1,000 peer-reviewed articles with over 70,000 citations and an h-index of 120. He has published 5 books and 25 book chapters. He has been recognized as a Highly Cited Researcher in Materials Science.  Prof. B. S. Pabla is the Dean of Extension Services & Consultancy and a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the National Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research, Chandigarh, India. His research interests include non-traditional machining, CAD/CAM, biomaterials and biomanufacturing. He has more than 37 years of teaching and research experience, and has been granted 2 patents, published 5 books, and completed more than 10 research projects from various funding agencies.  Prof. Sanjeev Puri is Head of the Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering and Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. His research interests include biomaterials, and cell-culture and tissue engineering. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience and has published 50 research articles, 6 books and 3 book chapters. He is also an editorial board member for various journals. He has received numerous research grants from various funding agencies such as DBT-SERB, holds 3 patents and has completed more than 5 research projects.  Dr. Mohammad Uddin is the Program Director and a lecturer at the School of Engineering at the University of South Australia (UniSA). With more than 15 years of teaching and research experience, his interests focus on the surface engineering of biomaterials. He has published more than 50 research articles.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Editors and Contributors 9
Current Trends in Biomaterials and Bio-manufacturing 13
1 Introduction and Requirement of Biomaterials 13
2 Fabrication Technique to Synthesize Porous Implants 15
2.1 Powder Metallurgy Route Using Temporary Space Alloying and Foaming Agent 16
2.2 Additive Manufacturing and 3-D Printing 19
2.3 Electrospinning 22
3 Innovative Surface Engineering/Surface Modification Techniques 25
3.1 Electrodeposition Technique 25
3.2 Electric Discharge Machining 29
3.3 Thermal Spray Coating Process 31
3.4 Surface Finishing of Implants 33
4 Conclusion and Future Work Scope 38
References 39
Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Bio-inspired Materials 47
1 Introduction to Rapid Prototyping 48
2 3D Printing of Bio-inspired Structures 52
2.1 Honeycomb Structures 52
2.2 Molluscan Shell Structures 57
3 Conclusion and Future Scope 73
References 75
Poly-lactic-Acid: Potential Material for Bio-printing Applications 81
1 Introduction 82
2 Bio-composites of PLA 86
3 PLA and Three-Dimensional Printing 90
4 Summary 94
References 94
Computer-Aided Design of Subject-Specific Dental Instruments for Preoperative Virtual Planning in Orthognathic Surgery 100
1 Introduction 100
2 Preoperative Preparations and Surgical Planning 101
3 Subject-Specific Miniplate Design 105
4 Case Study: Subject-Specific Miniplate Design for the Preoperative Virtual Planning Process 106
4.1 Results and Discussion 110
5 Conclusion 111
References 111
Additive Manufacturing: Current Concepts, Methods, and Applications in Oral Health Care 114
1 Additive Manufacturing: Current Concepts, Methods, and Applications in Oral Health Care 114
2 Additive Manufacturing: General Aspects 115
3 Contemporary Status of Additive Manufacturing in Oral Health Care 117
4 Materials for Additive Manufacturing for Dental Applications 118
5 Applications of Additive Manufacturing in the Clinical Dentistry 119
6 Biological Analysis of Additive Manufacturing Processes Part 121
6.1 Stereolithography (SLA) 122
6.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 123
6.3 Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) 124
6.4 Laser Powder Forming Techniques 124
6.5 Inkjet Printing Technologies 125
6.6 The Masking Process and Laser Polymerization 126
6.7 Emerging Paradigm of 3D Printing and Its Impact on Dentistry 126
7 Future and Challenges 127
8 Conclusion 129
References 130
Neurosurgical Bone Grinding 148
1 Introduction of Neurosurgical Grinding 148
2 Bone Grinding 150
2.1 Mechanics of Grinding 150
2.2 Process parameters 153
2.3 Computational Modeling 153
2.4 Recent Case Studies 159
3 Future Work Scope 161
4 Concluding Remarks 162
References 163
Micro-machining Performance Assessment of Ti-Based Biomedical Alloy: A Finite Element Case Study 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Modeling of Textured Geometry on Rake Face of Cutting Tool 168
2.1 3D Simulation 178
3 Results and Discussions 181
3.1 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Radial Force or Thrust Force 181
3.2 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Tangential Force 181
3.3 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Feed Force or Axial Force 181
3.4 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Cutting Temperature 182
3.5 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Effective Stress 183
3.6 Effects of Microgroove Geometry and Cutting Speed on Effective Strain 184
4 Conclusions 187
References 191
Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Machining of Titanium-Based Biomedical Alloy 194
1 Introduction 195
2 Machining of Ti Alloy by Hybrid Machining 196
3 Electrochemical Machining and LAJECM 196
4 Results and Discussion 200
4.1 Experimental Planning, Results, and ANOVA 200
4.2 Scanning Electron Micrographs of Ti-6Al-4V Workpiece Sample 203
5 Conclusion 208
References 208
Effective Heat Treatment for Improvement in Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Biomedical Applications 213
1 Introduction 213
2 DLC Coatings for Biomedical Sector 214
3 Current Trends for Improvement in DLC Properties 217
4 Heat Treatment of DLC Coatings 217
5 Effective (Two-Step) Heat Treatment for DLC Coatings 224
5.1 Atomic Structure Analysis 224
5.2 Hardness and Fracture Toughness Measurement 226
5.3 Tribological Studies 228
6 Concluding Remarks 229
References 230
Innovative Surface Engineering Technique for Surface Modification of Mg Alloy for Orthopedic Application 233
1 Introduction and Background 234
2 Powder Mixed EDM 235
3 Experimental Procedures 237
4 Results and Discussion 238
4.1 Surface Morphology 238
4.2 Analysis of Elemental Composition 238
4.3 Effect of Process Parameters on Corrosion Resistance 241
5 Conclusion 245
References 246
Cortical Bone Adaptation to Mechanical Environment: Strain Energy Density Versus Fluid Motion 249
1 Introduction 250
2 In Vivo Versus In Silico Models 250
3 Strain Energy Density Versus Fluid Motion 251
4 The Lacuna 253
5 Mathematical Framework 254
5.1 Calculation of Normal Strain and Strain Energy Density (SED) 254
5.2 Poroelastic Formulation 256
5.3 Boundary Conditions and Governing Equations 257
5.4 Estimation of Pore-Fluid Pressure 258
5.5 Calculation of Fluid Velocity and Fluid Shear 260
6 The Model 261
6.1 Mechanobiological Stimulus 261
6.2 Bone Adaptation Law and Assumptions 261
7 Results (In Silico Versus In Vivo) 264
7.1 Cantilever Bending 265
8 Major Findings and Advantages 272
9 Limitations and Future Scope 274
10 Concluding Remarks 275
References 275