Sensors (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Chemical Sensors 16
Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on YCoO3 and TiO2 Nanoparticle Composites 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Sensors and Characterization 18
2.1 Sensor Preparation 18
2.2 Sensor Characterization 19
3 Conclusions 21
References 24
Effect of Humidity on the Hydrogen Sensing in Graphene Based Devices 25
1 Introduction 25
1.1 Material Preparation 26
1.2 Material Characterization 26
1.3 Sensing Characterization 26
2 Conclusions 29
References 30
A Networked Wearable Device for Chemical Multisensing 31
1 Introduction 32
2 The Environmental Sensors 32
3 Test Platform with NO2 Gas Sensors 33
4 Sensing Material Deposition on UCL Microarrays 36
5 Conclusions 36
References 38
High Performance VOCs Sensor Based on ?-Fe2O3/Al-ZnO Nanocomposites 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Experimental 40
2.1 Samples Preparation 40
2.2 Morphological, Microstructural and Sensing Properties 41
3 Results and Discussion 41
3.1 Metal Oxides Characterization 41
3.2 Acetone Sensing Tests 42
4 Conclusions 44
References 44
Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles for Detection of Dopamine 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Materials and Methods 47
3 Results and Discussion 48
4 Summary 51
References 52
Sensing Properties of Indium, Tin and Zinc Oxides for Hexanal Detection 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Experimental 54
2.1 Samples Preparation and Characterization 54
2.2 Sensor Preparation and Testing 54
3 Results and Discussion 55
3.1 Metal Oxides Characterization 55
3.2 Hexanal Detection Measurements 56
4 Conclusions 58
References 58
On-Glass Integration of Thin Film Devices for Monitoring of Cell Bioluminescence 59
1 Introduction 59
2 System Structure and Operation 60
2.1 Heater and a-Si:H Sensor Design 62
3 Fabrication and Characterization 62
4 Conclusions 64
References 65
Yeast-DMFC Device Using Glucose as Fuel: Analytical and Energetic Applications. Preliminary Results 66
1 Introduction 66
2 Materials and Methods 67
3 Results and Discussion 68
4 Conclusions 70
References 71
YCoO3 Resistive Gas Sensors for the Detection of NO2 in ‘Resistance Controlled Mode’ 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Measurement Technique and Measurement System 74
3 Experimental Results 76
4 Conclusions 78
References 80
Monitoring Shelf Life of Carrots with a Peptides Based Electronic Nose 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Materials and Methods 82
3 Results and Discussion 83
4 Conclusions 85
References 85
An Innovative Optical Chem-Sensor Based on a Silicon Photomultipliers for the Sulfide Monitoring 87
1 Introduction 88
2 Materials and Methods 89
2.1 Chemicals 89
2.2 Silicon Photomultipliers 89
2.3 Sulfide Water Samples Collection 90
3 Results and Discussion 90
4 Conclusions 92
References 93
Samarium Oxide as a Novel Sensing Material for Acetone and Ethanol 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Experimental 95
3 Results and Discussion 95
4 Conclusion 97
References 98
Crowdfunding for Increased Awareness Crowd-Sensing: A Technical Account 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Crowdfunding Campaign 101
3 Monica 2.0 Multi-sensor Device 102
3.1 Sensor Node 102
3.2 Data Acquisition System 103
3.3 Back-End 103
3.4 Front-End 105
3.5 Calibration Procedures 107
4 Crowd Sensing Campaign 108
5 Conclusions 110
References 110
Biosensors 112
Nickel Based Biosensor for Biomolecules Recognition 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Materials and Methods 114
2.1 Chemicals 114
2.2 Electrochemical Measurements 114
2.3 Saliva Sample and Pre-treatment 114
3 Results and Discussion 115
4 Conclusions 116
References 116
Electrochemical DNA-Based Sensor for Organophosphorus Pesticides Detection 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Materials and Methods 119
3 Results 120
4 Conclusions 122
References 122
A Novel Lab-on-Disk System for Pathogen Nucleic Acids Analysis in Infectious Diseases 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Materials and Methods 126
2.1 Chemicals and Reagents 126
2.2 Extraction Experiments 126
2.3 Real Time Amplification on the Chip 126
3 Results and Discussions 127
3.1 Module for DNA Extraction 127
3.2 Module for DNA Detection 127
4 Conclusions 128
References 129
Diamond-Based Multi Electrode Arrays for Monitoring Neurotransmitter Release 131
1 Introduction 132
2 µG-SCD MEA Microfabrication 132
3 Electrical Characterizations 135
4 Measurements of Quantal Dopamine Release 137
5 Conclusion 138
References 138
Ultrasensitive Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Based on NiO/CNT Composite 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Experimental 142
2.1 Preparation of NiO/SCCNT Composites 142
2.2 Electrode Preparation 142
3 Result and Discussion 143
3.1 TEM 143
3.2 Electrochemical Behavior of Glucose at CNT/NiO Modified Electrode 143
4 Conclusion 145
References 146
A Silicon-Based Biosensor for Bacterial Pathogens Detection 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Materials and Methods 148
2.1 Chemicals and Biological Reagents 148
2.2 Biosensor Description 148
3 Results and Discussion 149
3.1 Sample Processing and Detection 149
3.2 Real-Time PCR Experiments 149
4 Conclusion 150
References 151
M13 Bacteriophages as Bioreceptors in Biosensor Device 152
1 Introduction 153
2 Materials and Methods 153
2.1 Bacteriophages 153
2.2 Functionalization of Magnetic and Latex Beads 154
2.3 Binding of Phage to Polymeric Surface and Capture of Bacteria Target 154
3 Results and Discussion 155
4 Conclusions 159
References 159
One-Step Functionalization of Silicon Nanoparticles with Phage Probes to Identify Pathogenic Bacteria 161
1 Introduction 162
2 Results and Discussion 163
3 Conclusions 166
References 166
FITC-Labelled Clone from Phage Display for Direct Detection of Leukemia Cells in Blood 168
1 Introduction 169
2 Materials and Methods 170
2.1 Bacteriophage 170
2.2 Phage Labelling with FITC 170
2.3 Sample Preparation for Fluorescence Imaging 171
3 Results and Discussions 171
4 Conclusions 174
References 175
Organised Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles for LSPR Refractive Index Transducers 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Experimental 177
2.1 Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles 177
2.2 Deposition of Colloidal Gold Particles on Silanised Glass Substrate 178
2.3 Characterization Techniques 178
3 Results 179
4 Conclusions 182
References 182
Human Organ-on-a-Chip: Around the Intestine Bends 183
1 Introduction 184
2 Materials and Methods 186
3 Results and Discussions 187
References 189
Portable Optoelectronic System for Monitoring Enzymatic Chemiluminescent Reaction 191
1 Introduction 192
2 System Structure and Operation 192
3 System Fabrication 193
4 Test of the System 195
5 Conclusions 196
References 196
A Novel Paper-Based Biosensor for Urinary Phenylalanine Measurement for PKU Therapy Monitoring 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Materials and Methods 198
2.1 Chemicals 198
2.2 Instrumentation 198
3 Results and Discussion 199
3.1 Biosensor 199
3.2 Phenylalanine Detection Strategy 199
3.3 Detection Strategy Optimization and Chromatic-Scale 200
3.4 Phenylalanine Detection on Human Sample 201
4 Conclusion 202
References 202
Physical Sensors 203
Magnetoencephalography System Based on Quantum Magnetic Sensors for Clinical Applications 204
1 Introduction 205
2 Magnetic Sensors 205
3 Magnetoencephalography System 207
4 MEG Acquisition and Test Measurements 208
5 Conclusions 209
References 210
Calibration System for Multi-sensor Acoustical Systems 211
1 Introduction 212
2 Problem Statement 212
2.1 Acoustic Antenna Calibration 213
2.2 Experiment Setup 214
3 Experiment Result 216
4 Conclusions 220
References 220
Pyroelectric Sensor for Characterization of Biological Cells 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Matherials and Methods 223
3 Results 224
4 Conclusion 226
References 226
Characterization of a TMR Sensor for EC-NDT Applications 228
1 Introduction 229
2 TMR Sensor Performance Evaluation 230
3 Uncertainty Evaluation 231
4 Conclusions 234
References 234
Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Investigation of Elastomer-Carbon Black Nanocomposite Piezoresistivity 236
1 Introduction 237
2 The Composite Synthesis and the Thermal Characterization 237
2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the Obtained Composites 239
2.2 Mechanical Dynamic Analysis (DMA) of the Obtained Composites 240
3 Investigation of the Composite Piezoresistivity 240
3.1 The Measuring System for Piezoresistivity Investigation 241
3.2 The Experimental Results 242
4 The Viscoelastic Characterization of the Composites 244
4.1 Description of the Testing Machine 244
4.2 The Testing Procedure Acquisition 246
4.3 Results of the Relaxation Phase 248
References 249
Optical Sensors 250
Polishing Process Analysis for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors in D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fibers 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Optical Sensor Configurations 252
3 Experimental Results 253
4 Conclusions 254
References 255
A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on a Novel Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor 256
1 Introduction 256
2 Plasmonic Platform 257
3 Experimental Results 258
4 Conclusions 259
References 259
Design of a Label-Free Multiplexed Biosensing Platform Based on an Ultracompact Plasmonic Resonant Cavity 260
1 Introduction 260
2 Design 261
3 Conclusions 264
References 264
A Novel Intensity-Based Sensor Platform for Refractive Index Sensing 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Optical Sensor System 266
3 Experimental Results 266
4 Conclusions 268
References 268
An Optical Sensing System for Atmospheric Particulate Matter 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Proposed Architecture 272
3 Results 275
4 Conclusions 276
References 276
Performances Evaluation of the Optical Techniques Developed and Used to Map the Velocities Vectors of Radioactive Dust 278
1 Introduction 278
2 Materials and Methods 279
2.1 STARDUST-Upgrade 279
2.2 Optical Measurement of Velocity 280
3 Results and Discussion 283
3.1 Fluid-Dynamics Characterisation of the Experiments 283
3.2 Algorithm Performance Analysis 283
3.3 Result Discussion 286
4 Conclusions 286
References 288
Printed and Flexible Sensors 289
Low Cost Inkjet Printed Sensors: From Physical to Chemical Sensors 290
1 Introduction 290
2 State of the Art 292
3 Inkjet Printed Sensors Application Examples 294
3.1 CO2 Gas Sensors 294
3.2 Accelerometer 297
4 Conclusions 299
References 300
DNA-Based Biosensor on Flexible Nylon Substrate by Dip-Pen Lithography for Topoisomerase Detection 302
1 Introduction 303
1.1 Flexible Devices 303
1.2 Printed Biosensor for Topoisomerase Detection 303
2 Experimental Aspects 304
2.1 Materials 304
2.2 Fabrication Protocol 304
2.3 Biosensor Assembly 305
3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 308
References 309
Aerosol Jet Printed Sensors for Protein Detection: A Preliminary Study 310
1 Introduction 310
1.1 AJP: Introduction and Functioning Principle 311
2 Materials and Methods 312
2.1 Sensors Design and Fabrication 312
2.2 Sensors Testing 314
3 Results 316
3.1 Geometrical Analysis 316
3.2 Electrical Analysis 316
3.3 Fluorescence Imaging 317
3.4 Protein Quantification 318
4 Conclusions 318
References 319
Novel Coplanar Capacitive Force Sensor for Biomedical Applications: A Preliminary Study 321
1 Introduction 322
1.1 State of the Art 322
1.2 Coplanar Capacitors 322
2 Sensor Fabrication and Preliminary Tests 324
2.1 Sensor Fabrication Process 324
2.2 Sensor Preliminary Test 325
3 Conclusions 327
References 327
Graphene-Like Based-Chemiresistors Inkjet-Printed onto Paper Substrate 329
1 Introduction 329
2 Experimental 330
3 Results and Discussion 331
4 Conclusion 334
References 335
Carbon Black as Electrode Modifier in Prussian Blue Electrodeposition for H2O2 Sensing 336
1 Introduction 336
2 Materials and Methods 337
2.1 Materials 337
2.2 Instrumentation 337
2.3 Preparation of SPE-PB and SPE-CB-PB Electrodes 337
3 Results and Discussion 338
4 Conclusions 340
References 340
Sensing Systems 342
PPG/ECG Multisite Combo System Based on SiPM Technology 343
1 Introduction 344
2 Experimental Setup 346
3 Data Analysis 347
4 Conclusions 349
References 350
A Small Footprint, Low Power, and Light Weight Sensor Node and Dedicated Processing for Modal Analysis 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Sensor Node 353
3 Modal Estimation 354
3.1 Natural Frequency Estimation 354
3.2 Modal Shapes Reconstruction 356
4 Conclusions 359
References 360
IEEE 21451-001 Signal Treatment Applied to Smart Transducers 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Standard Structure 362
2.1 Sampling of Sensor Signals 362
2.2 Standard Proposed Algorithms 364
2.3 Second Layer Algorithms 364
3 Conclusions 365
References 366
Accuracy and Metrological Characteristics of Wearable Devices: A Systematic Review 367
1 Introduction 367
2 Materials and Methods 368
3 Results 369
3.1 Wrist-Worn Monitors 369
3.2 Chest-Strap Devices 373
4 Discussion and Conclusion 374
References 375
Short Range Positioning Using Ultrasound Techniques 378
1 Introduction 378
2 The Positioning System 379
2.1 System Architecture 379
2.2 System Operation 379
3 Experimental Results 381
3.1 Experimental Setup 381
3.2 Experimental Results 384
4 Conclusions 387
References 387
Estimating the Outdoor PM10 Concentration Through Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Metering 388
1 Introduction 388
2 The System Under Test 389
3 The Feasibility Study 391
References 392
Machine Learning Techniques to Select a Reduced and Optimal Set of Sensors for the Design of Ad Hoc Sensory Systems 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Materials and Methods 395
2.1 Data Pre-processing 396
2.2 Feature Selection and Classification Algorithms 397
3 Results 398
4 Discussion 401
5 Conclusions 403
References 403
Multi-sensor Platform for Automatic Assessment of Physical Activity of Older Adults 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Materials and Methods 408
2.1 Platform Overview 408
2.2 Ambient Sensor and Relative Framework for Activity Recognition Task 409
2.3 Wearable Sensor and Relative Framework for Activity Recognition Task 410
2.4 Methodology for Automatic Assessment of Physical Activity 412
3 Results and Discussion 413
4 Conclusion 415
References 415
Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Sensors Used in Oil& Gas Applications
1 Introduction 417
2 Sensors in Oil& Gas Application
3 Failure Modes and Failure Mechanism of Sensors 420
4 Diagnostic in Oil& Gas Safety Sensors
5 Conclusions 423
References 423
Lab-on-Disk Platform for KRAS Mutation Testing 425
1 Introduction 425
2 Materials and Methods 427
3 Results 429
4 Discussion 430
5 Conclusion 430
References 431
Study Toward the Integration of a System for Bacterial Growth Monitoring in an Automated Specimen Processing Platform 433
1 Introduction 433
2 Materials and Methods 435
2.1 The Measuring System 435
2.2 Study Setup and Protocol 436
3 Preliminary Results 438
3.1 Double Layer Capacitance CDL 438
3.2 Charge Transfer Resistance RCT 439
3.3 Medium Resistance RM 439
4 Conclusions 441
References 442
A Virtual ANN-Based Sensor for IFD in Two-Wheeled Vehicle 443
1 Introduction 443
2 The Two-Wheeled Vehicle Under Test 445
3 The Virtual Sensor 446
4 The IFD Scheme 447
5 Conclusions 450
References 450
A Smart Breath Analyzer for Monitoring Home Mechanical Ventilated Patients 452
1 Introduction 453
2 Smart Breath Analyzer 453
2.1 Rationale 453
2.2 Architecture 454
2.3 Preliminary Test 456
3 Conclusions 457
References 457
A Nonlinear Pattern Recognition Pipeline for PPG/ECG Medical Assessments 459
1 Introduction 459
2 Materials and Methods 461
3 Results and Discussion 461
4 Conclusion 464
References 466
Electronic System for Structural and Environmental Building Monitoring 467
1 Motivation 467
2 Proposed Monitoring System 468
3 Test Case: Example of Application 469
References 473
Closed-Loop Temperature Control CMOS Integrated Circuit for Diagnostics and Self-calibration of Capacitive Humidity Sensors 475
1 Introduction 475
2 Temperature Control System Circuit 476
3 Experimental Measurements 477
4 Conclusions 479
References 481
An UAV Mounted Intelligent Monitoring System for Impromptu Air Quality Assessments 482
1 Introduction 483
2 Methodology: The Tethered Air Quality Drone Architecture 483
2.1 Payload Part 1: MONICA Multisensor Node 484
2.2 Payload Part 2: IoT Processing Unit 485
2.3 UAV Platform 486
3 Experimental Results: First Flight Session 487
4 Conclusions 490
References 490
Sensors Applications 492
Fluxgate Magnetometer and Performance for Measuring Iron Compounds 493
1 Introduction 494
2 Measurement Method and Experimental Setup 494
3 Experimental Results 497
4 Conclusion 500
References 501
Micro Doppler Radar and Depth Sensor Fusion for Human Activity Monitoring in AAL 502
1 Introduction 502
2 Materials and Methods 503
2.1 Sensors and Data Acquisition Setups 503
2.2 Test Protocol and Dataset Collection 505
2.3 Fall Detection Algorithm 507
3 Experimental Results 509
4 Conclusion 510
References 511
Characterization of Human Semen by GC-MS and VOC Sensor: An Unexplored Approach to the Study on Infertility 512
1 Introduction 513
2 Materials and Methods 514
3 Results 514
4 Discussion 515
5 Conclusions 518
References 519
A Novel Technique to Characterize Conformational State of the Proteins: p53 Analysis 520
1 Introduction 520
2 Methodology 522
2.1 Sample Preparation 522
2.2 Spectrophotometer Testing 522
3 Result 523
4 Discussions 524
5 Conclusion 526
References 526
Electrical Energy Harvesting from Pot Plants 528
1 Plant Microbial Fuel Cell 528
2 Description of the System and Preliminary Measurements 530
3 Electronic Harvesting Circuit and Improved Measurements 531
4 Conclusions 533
References 533
Preliminary Study on Wearable System for Multiple Finger Tracking 534
1 Introduction 534
2 Description of the System 535
3 Experimental Study 538
4 Conclusions 540
References 541
Giraff Meets KOaLa to Better Reason on Sensor Networks 542
1 Introduction 543
2 Sensor-Based Applications and Knowledge Extraction 544
2.1 The GiraffPlus Research Project 545
2.2 Data Needs Semantics 545
3 KOaLa: Knowledge-Based Continuous Loop 546
3.1 A Context-Based Ontological Approach 547
3.2 Linking Knowledge Processing and Planning 549
4 KOaLa and Giraff Working Together 550
5 Final Remarks and Future Developments 551
References 551
Smart Insole for Diabetic Foot Monitoring 553
1 Introduction 553
2 Smart Insole System 555
3 Results 557
4 Conclusion 558
References 558
Identification of Users’ Well-Being Related to External Stimuli: A Preliminary Investigation 560
1 Introduction 560
2 Materials and Methods 561
3 Experimental Setup 562
3.1 Participants and Trials 563
3.2 Data Processing and Features Extraction 564
4 Analysis of Results 566
5 Conclusions 568
References 569
Smart Transducers for Energy Scavenging and Sensing in Vibrating Environments 572
1 Introduction 572
2 Theory of Operation 574
3 Experimental Setup 575
4 Results and Discussion 575
5 Conclusion 578
References 579
RMSHI Solutions for Electromagnetic Transducers from Environmental Vibration 580
1 Introduction 581
2 Working Principle 582
3 Experimental Setup 583
4 Results and Discussion 583
5 Conclusion 587
References 587
Characterization of Sensorized Porous 3D Gelatin/Chitosan Scaffolds Via Bio-impedance Spectroscopy 589
1 Introduction 590
2 Materials and Methods 591
2.1 Scaffold Preparation 591
2.2 Experimental Setup and Measurement Protocols for Bio-impedance Spectroscopy 592
3 Result and Discussion 592
3.1 Bio-impedance Measurement 592
3.2 Electrical Conductivity Analysis 593
4 Conclusion 594
References 595
Fast Multi-parametric Method for Mechanical Properties Estimation of Clamped—Clamped Perforated Membranes 598
1 Introduction 599
2 Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization 600
2.1 Fabrication of CCFF Perforated Membranes 600
2.2 Mechanical Properties of the Structural Tri-layer 600
3 Deflection Model of a Perforated Membrane 601
4 Measurements and Results 602
5 Conclusions 604
References 605
Improvement of the Frequency Behavior of an EC-NDT Inspection System 607
1 Introduction 608
2 Some Theoretical Notes to the Resonance Condition in an EC-NDT Probe 608
3 Some Theoretical Notes on the Double Resonant Circuit 611
4 First Experimental Results 613
5 Conclusion 615
References 615
Author Index 617