Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018) (eBook)

Dr. U. Chandrasekhar is the pro vice chancellor of Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR Technical University, Chennai. He was director of the Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI), an autonomous organ of The Institution of Engineers (India), and prior to that he was an additional director at the Gas Turbine Research Establishment, a Ministry of Defence R&D organization. For the past 26 years, he has been involved in design, analysis, prototyping, rapid manufacturing, and testing of aero gas turbine engines. He set up the first-ever rapid prototyping laboratory in the country. He has received a commendation medal from the scientific advisor to the defence minister in recognition of his research efforts. He received his B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from NIT, Suratkal; M.Tech. in Design Stream from IIT, Madras; and his Ph.D. from VTU. For his academic excellence at IIT Madras, he received an award from the former president of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He trained RP and sensor technologies in Germany, the UK and Belgium. He is currently leading a critical technology development project on high-temperature thin film sensors in collaboration with NRC, Canada. He serves on the council of the Institution of Engineers and National Design and Research Forum. He was also chosen to represent India in the Young Leaders Convention of World Federation of Engineering Organisations at Geneva. He has been invited by several national and international professional bodies as the keynote speaker on advanced prototyping and sensor technologies.  Dr. Lung-Jieh Yang received his M.S. degree from Tamkang University, Taiwan in 1991 and Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University in 1997. He was a visiting associate of Electrical Engineering, Caltech, USA from 2000 to 2001. He is currently a professor at the Department of Mechanical & Electromechanical Engineering and the director of the Instrument & Experiment Center at Tamkang University. He is also a member of IEEE and AIAA. His current research interests include flapping micro-aerial-vehicles (MAVs) and gelatin MEMS technology. His research areas are polymer composites, nanomaterials, high-temperature foams, experimental mechanics, sensors for health monitoring and energy harvesting.  Dr. S. Gowthaman is the director of R&D at Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR University and associate professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He received his B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from Bharathidasan University (Shanmugha College of Engineering) and M.S. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from North Carolina A&T State University, USA. His research activities include polymer-based composite materials, experimental mechanics, nano-engineering and advanced materials providing solutions for structural and material needs in various applications. Before joining Vel Tech University in 2013, Dr. Gowthaman worked at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore and the Center for Aviation Safety (CAS) at NC A&T State University (USA). He has worked in research projects sponsored by various agencies like NASA (USA), US Army (USA), ONR (USA), Wright Materials Research (USA), DSTA (Singapore), DST-SERB (India), DRDO-ERIPR (India) and DST-TDT (India). He has collaborated and is collaborating with a number of national and international institutes and research labs. He has published more than 30 research papers in international journals and conference proceedings. He is a member of several committees and societies including AIAA Materials Technical Committee (USA), and serves as a reviewer for various journals, including Composites Part A, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, AIAA Journal and IE Springer Journal, and is a member of the editorial boards for international conferences like I-DAD and ICAM-3D. Dr. Gowthaman has received several awards from NC A&T State University (USA) and Bharathidasan University for his academic and research achievements, including a NTU (Singapore) Post Doctorate Fellowship and DST-SERB (India) Early Career Research project award.

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 14
1 Performance Analysis of Semi-active Suspension System Based on Suspension Working Space and Dynamic Tire Deflection 16
1 Introduction 16
2 Quarter Car Model 17
2.1 Road Inputs 18
2.1.1 Bump Input 18
2.1.2 Sine Wave Input 19
3 Control Strategies of Semi-active Suspension 19
3.1 Skyhook Control 19
3.2 Groundhook Control 20
3.3 Hybrid Control 20
3.4 Fuzzy Logic Control 21
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 22
5 Conclusion 26
Appendix 27
References 30
2 Study on Wear Behavior of Al-Based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced with Al2O3/SiC Particles 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Experimental Set-up and Methodology 32
2.1 Material Selection 32
2.2 Fabrication of HMMCs by Stir Casting Process 32
2.3 Density and Hardness 33
2.4 Sand Abrasion Test Using Taguchi Technique 33
2.4.1 Design of Experiment (DOE) 34
3 Results and Discussion 35
3.1 Density and Vickers Hardness 35
3.2 Three-Body Sand Abrasion Wear Test 35
3.3 Effect of Composition and Revolutions on S/N Ratio 37
4 Conclusions 37
References 38
3 Development of Simulation Model for Effective Testing and Verification of Servo Vacuum Booster 40
1 Introduction 40
2 LabVIEW Simulation 41
3 Result Analysis 44
4 Conclusion 45
References 45
4 Investigation of Relation Between Ignition Timing and Advance Angle to Improve Engine Performance 46
1 Introduction 46
2 System Description 47
2.1 Mechanical Design 47
2.2 Electrical Design 47
2.3 PCB Development 48
3 Algorithm 48
4 Experimental Setup 48
5 Algorithm for Spark Timing 49
6 System Features 50
6.1 Microcontroller Features 50
6.2 Electrical Components List 50
6.3 Control Panel 51
7 Conclusion 51
References 52
5 Experimental Investigation of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle for Automobile Cabin Cooling 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Literature Review 54
3 System Description 56
4 Results and Discussion 57
5 Conclusions 61
References 62
6 Effects of Nano- and Micro-Filler on Water Diffusion and Leakage Current of GRP Composites 64
1 Introduction 64
2 Materials and Methods 65
2.1 Materials 65
2.2 Fabrication of Composites 65
2.3 Experiments/Measurements 67
3 Results and Discussion 68
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 68
3.2 Morphology 69
3.3 Surface Composition Analysis 69
3.4 Dye Penetration 69
3.5 Water Diffusion Electrical Test 70
3.6 Leakage Current of GRP Composite Rod 71
4 Conclusions 71
Acknowledgements 72
References 72
7 Effect of Interleaving and Low Velocity Impact on the Dielectric Properties of Composite Laminates 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Experimental Method 74
2.1 Materials 74
2.2 Fabrication of Laminates 74
3 Measurements 75
3.1 Morphology 75
3.2 Low Velocity Impact Test 75
3.3 Dielectric Property 75
4 Results and Discussion 75
4.1 SEM Analysis 75
4.2 Low Velocity Impact Test 76
4.3 Dielectric Constant 76
4.4 Dissipation Factor 78
4.5 AC Conductivity 79
5 Conclusion 80
Acknowledgements 81
References 81
8 Numerical Modeling and Study of Vaporization of Single Droplet and Mono-dispersed Spray Under Mixed Convection Conditions 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Solution Methodology 83
3 Vaporization: Without Droplet Dynamics 83
3.1 Numerical Methodology 83
4 Vaporization: With Droplet Dynamics 84
4.1 Computational Domain, Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions 84
4.2 Grid Independence Study 85
5 Results and Discussions 86
5.1 Initial Red/Grd?=?0.09 Case: High Evaporation Rate 86
5.2 Initial Red/Grd?=?2.12 Case: Medium Evaporation Rate 87
5.3 Initial Red/Grd?=?60 Case: Low Evaporation Rate 88
6 Conclusions 90
References 91
9 Incremental Sheet Forming: An Experimental Study on the Geometric Accuracy of Formed Parts 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Experimental Plan and Methodology 93
3 Result and Discussion 94
4 Conclusion 97
References 97
10 Experimental Analysis of Implementing Roughness on NACA 0018 Airfoil 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Research Methodology 100
2.1 Tunnel Facility 100
2.2 Selection of Silicon Carbide Sheet 101
2.3 Airfoil 101
2.4 Pressure Transducer 102
3 Results and Discussion 102
4 Conclusion 103
Acknowledgements 104
References 104
11 Numerical Investigation of Siting the Wind Turbine on Vel Tech University Campus 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Problem Statement and Modelling 107
3 Computational Study of Urban Physics 108
3.1 Computational Domain and Grid 108
3.2 Boundary Condition 111
3.3 Simulation Physics 114
4 Results 114
5 Discussion 115
6 Conclusion 116
Acknowledgements 117
References 117
12 An Improved Unsteady CFD Analysis of Pitching Airfoil Using OpenFOAM 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Methods 120
2.1 Problem Setup and Method of Solution 120
2.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions 120
2.3 Turbulence Model 121
2.4 New Methodology 121
3 Results and Discussion 121
4 Conclusion 124
References 125
13 Development of 12 Channel Temperature Acquisition System for Heat Exchanger Using MAX6675 and Arduino Interface 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Literature Review 127
3 Control System Design and Mechatronics Interface 127
4 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Device 129
5 Experimentation and Testing 130
6 Results, Validation, and Discussion 131
7 Conclusion 131
References 132
14 Optimization of Clutch Cover Mounting Base Plate Through Twin Threaded Grub Screw 133
1 Introduction 133
2 Problem Identification 134
3 Proposed Methodology 134
4 Scope of Work 134
5 Merits of Grub Screw 134
6 Design 135
7 Conclusion 138
References 139
15 Active Vortex Shedding Control for Flow Over a Circular Cylinder Using Rearward Jet Injection at Low Reynolds Number 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Computational Methodology 140
3 Results and Discussion 141
4 Conclusion 145
References 145
16 Performance Augmentation of Boron–HTPB-Based Solid Fuels by Energetic Additives for Hybrid Gas Generator in Ducted Rocket Applications 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Experimental Methods 150
2.1 Composition, Characterization, and Preparation of Solid Fuel Sample 150
2.2 OFBS Design and Experimental Procedures 152
3 Results and Discussion 153
3.1 Characterization of Boron Particles and Calorific Evaluation of Fuels 153
3.2 Sample Homogeneity of B–Mg- and B–Ti-Based Solid Fuel Combinations 155
3.3 Flame Visualization and Regression Rate Estimation 155
3.4 Characterization of Condensed Combustion Products 158
4 Conclusions 159
Acknowledgements 160
References 160
17 Experimental Investigation of Wear and Hardness Test Over AA2219 with Reinforcement of Tungsten Carbide 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Materials and Methodology 163
3 Result and Discussion 163
3.1 Hardness 163
3.2 Wear Test 164
3.3 Characterization 165
3.4 Characterization by SEM 166
4 Conclusion 167
References 168
18 Pedagogical Evaluation of Mechanical Engineering Education Using Additive Manufacturing 169
1 Introduction 169
2 Scenario of Additive Manufacturing in Engineering Education 170
3 Additive Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering Education 170
4 Additive Manufacturing Case Study 171
5 Comparison of Parameters 172
6 Conclusion 174
References 174
19 Numerical Investigation of Cu–H2O Nanofluid in a Differentially Heated Square Cavity with Conducting Square Cylinder Placed at Arbitrary Locations 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Mathematical Formulation 177
3 Results and Discussions 177
4 Conclusion 180
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
20 Numerical Investigation of Single Ramp Scramjet Inlet Characteristics at Mach Number 5.96 Due to Shock Wave–Boundary Layer Interaction 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Inlet Model and Computational Method 183
2.1 Inlet Model 183
2.2 Computational Methods 183
3 Results and Discussion 183
3.1 Steady Analysis 183
3.2 Unsteady Analysis 185
4 Conclusion 186
References 187
21 Numerical Analysis of Discrete Element Camber Morphing Airfoil in the Reynolds Number of Conventional Flyers 188
1 Introduction 188
2 Geometry of Airfoils and Computational Setup 189
2.1 Camber Morphing 189
2.2 Computational Model and Validation 190
3 Results and Discussion 190
3.1 Aerodynamic Performance of Morphed Airfoils 190
4 Conclusions 193
References 193
22 Comparison of Quarter Car Suspension Model Using Two Different Controllers 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Mathematical Modeling 196
2.1 Passive System 198
2.2 Active System 198
3 Controller Design 199
3.1 PID 199
3.2 LQR 200
4 Results and Discussion 202
5 Conclusion 204
Acknowledgements 204
References 204
23 Hot Forging Characteristics of Powder Metallurgy Duplex Stainless Steels Developed from 304L and 430L Pre-alloyed Powders 205
1 Introduction 205
2 Experimental Procedure 206
3 Results and Discussions 208
3.1 Density of Duplex Stainless Steel 208
3.2 Microstructure 208
3.3 Tensile Strength and Hardness Evaluation 209
4 Conclusions 210
References 210
24 Machinability Studies of TiAlN-/AlCrN-Coated and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Tools on Turning EN25 Alloy Steel 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Experimental Details 213
3 Result and Discussions 214
3.1 Tool Wear Analysis 214
3.2 Surface Roughness Analysis 215
3.3 The Taguchi Method Evaluation Results 217
4 Conclusion 219
References 220
25 Study on Temperature Indicating Paint for Surface Temperature Measurement—A Review 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Global Temperature Measurement Techniques 222
2.1 Discrete Sensor Arrays 222
2.2 Liquid Crystal Thermometers or TLC 222
2.3 IR Thermography 222
2.4 Thermal Phosphors 222
3 Irreversible Thermal Paints or Temperature Indicating Paints (TIPs) 223
4 Thermal Paint Chemistry 223
5 Chemistry Behind Colour Transition 224
6 Calibration Methodology 225
7 Recent Research Works Using TIP 226
8 Conclusion 228
References 228
26 Inflight Parameter Estimation Framework for Fixed-Wing UAV 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Flight Instrumentation: Airframe Assembly 231
3 Flight Instrumentation: DAQ System Integration 232
4 Flight Instrumentation: Selection of Sensors 234
5 Inflight Test Results 236
6 Conclusion 236
References 236
27 Experimental Studies on Surface Roughness of H12 Tool Steel in EDM Using Different Tool Materials 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Experimental Work 239
3 Method of Analysis 239
3.1 Taguchi and ANOVA Method 239
3.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness 240
4 Results and Discussion 240
4.1 Analysis of Surface Roughness 240
5 Conclusions 242
References 243
28 Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Parameters of Coal-Fired Updraft Gasifier 245
1 Introduction 245
2 Mathematical Modeling 246
2.1 Geometry 246
2.2 Assumptions 247
2.3 Discrete Phase Modeling 247
2.4 Chemical Reactions 248
2.5 Boundary Conditions 250
2.6 Numerical Considerations 250
3 Results and Discussion 250
3.1 Gasification Phenomena 251
3.2 Effect of Equivalence Ratio 252
4 Conclusion 253
References 253
29 Numerical Analysis of Two-Phase Blood Flow in Idealized Artery with Blockage 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Mathematical Modeling 255
2.1 Continuity Equation 255
2.2 Momentum Equation 255
2.3 Blood Rheology 256
3 Numerical Considerations 256
4 Results 257
5 Conclusion 261
References 261
30 Generalized Design of Experiments for Structural Optimization 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Pre-optimization Analysis 264
3 Sensitivity Analysis 265
3.1 Observation from Sensitivity Analysis 266
3.2 Design Points and Response Surfaces 267
4 Interpolation Model 267
4.1 Multidimensional Bi-section 268
5 Results and Conclusion 269
References 270
31 Numerical Prediction of Performance of a Double-Acting ?-Type Stirling Engine 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Numerical Simulation Methods and Theory 273
2.1 Basic Assumptions 273
2.2 Governing Equations 273
2.3 Porous Medium Theory 274
2.4 Computation Model 275
3 Numerical Simulation Model 276
3.1 Working Fluid Domain Geometry and Mesh Model 276
3.2 Piston Displacement Function 276
3.3 Boundary Conditions Setup 277
3.4 Charged Mass Setup 277
3.5 Engine Performance Evaluation 277
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 278
4.1 Baseline Case Results and Discussion 278
4.2 Effects of Heating Temperature and Engine Speed on Engine Performance 279
4.3 Effects of Regenerator’s Porosity on Engine Performance 280
5 Conclusions 282
References 282
32 Design Optimization, Automation and Testing Analysis of Dust Cleaning Mechanism for Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant 283
1 Introduction 283
2 Design Optimizations of Dust Cleaning Mechanism 284
3 Drawing of Dust Cleaning Mechanism 285
4 Automation of Dust Cleaning Mechanism 286
4.1 Selection of Electronic and Electrical Components and Brief History 286
5 Test Setup and Testing 287
6 Result and Discussion 290
6.1 Energy Required for Dust Cleaning Mechanism 290
7 Conclusion 292
References 293
33 Optimization of a Dual-Stepped Cone Inlet for Scramjet Applications 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Ramp Selections 295
2.1 Ramp 1 Selection 295
2.2 Ramp 2 Selections 295
3 CFD Analysis 296
3.1 CFD Analysis—Mach 7 297
3.2 Mach 2 297
4 Conclusion 298
References 299
34 Experimental Investigations for Improving the Strength of Parts Manufactured Using FDM Process 300
1 Introduction 300
1.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 300
1.2 Machine Used for FDM Process 301
2 Materials Used for Printing Test Specimens 302
3 Experimental Testing 302
3.1 Printing/Preparation of Specimens for Experimental Testing 303
3.2 Tests and Results 303
4 Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) 304
References 306
35 Effects of Wall Thinning Behaviour During Pipe Bending Process—An Experimental Study 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Wall Thinning 308
2.1 Control of Wall Thinning 309
3 Bending at Atmospheric (Cold) and Elevated (Hot) Temperature 309
3.1 Cold Bending 310
3.2 Incremental Hot Bending 311
4 Results and Discussion 312
5 Conclusion 312
Appendix 1: Pipe Bending Terminologies and Types 313
Types of Pipe Bending 314
Appendix 2: Pipe Benders 314
Hydraulic Bender 314
Incremental Bender 315
References 316
36 Computational Simulation of Wind Flow Behavior Around a Building Structure 317
1 Introduction 317
2 Methodology 318
2.1 Setup Description 318
3 Numerical Model 319
3.1 Turbulence Model 319
3.2 Computational Setting and Parameters 319
4 Results 320
5 Conclusion 321
References 322
37 Numerical Analysis of Bubble Hydrodynamics in a Steam Reactor Chemical Looping Reforming System 324
1 Introduction 324
2 Numerical Considerations 326
3 Results and Discussions 327
3.1 Unsteady and Quasi-steady Bubble Hydrodynamics 328
3.2 Effect of Particle Size of Oxygen Carrier 330
4 Conclusion 330
References 331
38 Numerical Study of Flow Field Investigation of Air Jet Impingement on Different Solid Block Size 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Mathematical Formulation 334
2.1 Problem Description 334
2.2 Governing Equations 335
2.3 Numerical Procedure 335
2.4 Validation Work 335
2.5 Parameters Affecting the Flow Field 336
3 Results and Discussion 336
3.1 Effect of Re on Flow Field for Block Size 0.75 * 0.75 337
3.2 Effect of Re on Flow Field for Block Size 0.75 * 1.50 337
3.3 Effect of Re on Vortex Center for Block Size 0.75 * 0.75 338
3.4 Effect of Re on Vortex Center for Block Size 0.75 * 1.50 339
3.5 Horizontal Velocity Profile for Different Block Size 339
4 Conclusion 340
References 341
39 Stress Intensity Factors for a Plate with Slant Edge Crack Built with Rapid Manufacturing Process 342
1 Introduction 342
2 Experimentation 343
2.1 Material Description 343
2.2 Fabrication 344
2.3 Testing 345
3 Finite Element Analysis 345
4 Result and Discussion 346
5 Conclusion 349
References 350
40 Design, Analyze, and Develop a Hybrid Silencer for 250 kVA DG Set 352
1 Introduction 352
1.1 Problem Statement and Objectives 353
2 Designing of Component 353
2.1 Design for Sound Pressure 353
2.2 Design for Back Pressure 356
3 Numerical Verification 356
3.1 Sound Pressure 356
3.2 Back Pressure 357
3.3 Inference 358
4 Results 359
5 Conclusion 359
References 359
41 Design, Analysis, and Simulation of a Power-Split Device for Hybrid Two-Wheeler 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Design of H2W with Power-Split Device 363
2.1 Selection of Base Vehicle 363
2.2 Selection of DC Motor 363
2.3 Design of Epicyclic Gear Train 363
2.4 Clutch Actuation Algorithm 364
3 Simulation 365
4 Results 366
5 Conclusion 367
6 Future Work 367
Sec11 367
Sec12 367
References 370
42 Development of Inhibition System for SIS Process 371
1 Introduction 371
2 SIS Machine 372
3 Inhibition Mechanism Modelling 373
4 Inhibition Preparation and Comparative Studies 375
5 Conclusion 375
References 377
43 Finite Element Analysis of Lifting Lugs Under Actual Factory Conditions 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Modelling and Calculations 378
2.1 Case Study: Factory Lifting Conditions 381
2.2 Dynamic Considerations 382
3 Discussion 384
4 Conclusion 384
References 384
44 Numerical Simulation of High Velocity Impact on Composite Targets Using Advanced Computational Techniques 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Methodology 385
3 Numerical Models 386
3.1 Modelling of Ceramic/Metal Composite System 386
4 Simulation of High Velocity Impact 386
4.1 STUDY-1: Determining the Ballistic Limit Velocity for Given Target and Projectile 387
4.2 Results 389
5 Results and Discussions 390
5.1 Simulation of 3D Model Ceramic/Metal Composite Under High Velocity Impact 392
5.2 Simulated Results for 2D Model 393
5.3 Comparison of 2D Model and 3D Model 394
6 Conclusion 397
References 397
45 Study of Future Refrigerant for Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Ozone Layer Depletion 401
3 Global Warming Potential 401
4 History of Refrigerants 401
5 Industrial Gases as Refrigerants 402
6 Hydrocarbon Manufacture 402
6.1 Example Processing Steps 403
7 Ammonia Manufacture 403
8 CO2 Manufacture 405
9 Future Refrigerant 405
9.1 Evaluation of Working Fluids in Refrigeration Systems 405
9.2 Exact Meaning of Global Warming Potential (GWP) 407
9.3 Designing a Low GWP Molecule 407
9.4 Comparison of HFC Versus HFO 407
9.5 Refrigerant Flammability Classifications 408
9.6 Primary Flammability Parameters 409
9.7 Flammable Property Comparison 409
10 Optimizing for the Future 409
11 Low GWP HFO Products for Refrigeration 411
12 Conclusion 411
References 412
46 Numerical Simulation of Viscous Flow Past Elliptic Cylinder 414
1 Introduction 414
2 Numerical Strategy 415
3 Results and Discussion 416
4 Conclusion 418
Acknowledgements 419
References 419
47 Processing and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Sisal and Bamboo Chemically Treated Hybrid Composite 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Experimental Procedures 421
2.1 Materials and Methods 421
2.2 Testing 422
3 Results and Discussion 423
3.1 Tensile Test 423
3.2 Impact Test 424
3.3 Flexural Test 425
4 Conclusion 425
References 426
48 On the Surface Finish Improvement in Hybrid Additive Subtractive Manufacturing Process 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Development of HASM Process Set Up 429
3 Development of Toolpath for HASM 430
4 Case Study 431
5 Conclusion 432
Acknowledgements 433
References 433
49 Impact of Control Unit Gains on Noise Mitigation in Swash Plate Pump Pumping Systems 434
1 Introduction 434
2 Axial Piston Pump’s Construction 436
3 Control Unit 436
4 Control Unit and Noise 437
5 Control Strategies 437
6 Experimental Set-up 439
6.1 The Hydraulic Subsystem 439
6.2 The Control Subsystem 441
7 Results 442
8 Conclusion 442
References 443
50 Discussion of Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Refrigerants and Its Future Scope 444
1 Introduction 444
2 Refrigerant 445
2.1 Refrigerants Identification by Number and Colour Code 445
2.2 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerant 445
2.3 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Refrigerant 446
2.4 Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Refrigerant 447
2.5 Natural Refrigerants 449
2.6 Refrigerant Blends (Azeotropic–Zeotropic) 450
3 Future Refrigerant 450
3.1 Comparison Between R22 and R410a 451
3.2 R410a Refrigerant 452
4 Conclusion 453
References 453
51 Analysis of Dynamic Probing Errors in Measuring Machines 455
1 Introduction 455
2 Model Construction 456
3 Results and Discussions 457
3.1 Analysis with Different Probe Ball Materials 457
3.2 Analysis with Different Stem Materials 458
3.3 Mathematical Expression for Different Stem Materials 460
4 Conclusions 464
References 464
52 Thrust Prediction Model for Varying Chamber Pressure for a Hypergolic Bipropellant Liquid Rocket Engine 465
1 Introduction 465
2 Methodology 465
2.1 Test Setup 466
2.2 Model Formulation 466
3 Results and Discussion 468
3.1 Generation of Thrust Equation 468
3.2 Thrust Measurement for Validation of Model 469
4 Conclusion 470
Acknowledgements 470
References 470
53 Experimental Studies on Different Proportions of CB-Filled Natural Rubber Composites with Precipitated Silica and Silica Gel 471
1 Introduction 471
2 Experimental Procedure 472
2.1 Materials and Compound Preparation 472
2.2 Testing of Physical Properties 472
2.3 Morphological Study 474
3 Results and Discussion 474
3.1 Physical Properties 474
3.2 Morphological Analysis 477
4 Conclusion 479
References 479
54 Fuzzy Logic Simulation for Automatic Speed Control System 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Mathematical Calculations 482
2.1 Mathematical Calculation for Mechanical Braking Torque 482
2.2 Let Us Apply Same Concept and Formulas to Suzuki Ciaz Vehicle 483
2.3 Apply This Mechanical Braking Torque Values in Electromagnetic Braking Torque Formula 483
3 Appling Fuzzy Logic 485
3.1 Grouping of Fuzzy Values into Triangular Membership Function 485
3.2 Forming into Sub-iterations 486
3.3 Forming into Fuzzy Sets 486
4 Forming of Fuzzy Rules in LabVIEW Software 486
5 Input/output Values for Triangular Membership Function in LabVIEW Software 487
6 Output Verification 487
6.1 Verification of Manually Calculated Values to LabVIEW Fuzzy Logic Controller Output 490
7 Conclusion 490
References 491
55 A Review of Contemporary Research on Root Canal Obturation and Related Quality Assessment Techniques 492
1 Introduction 492
2 Contemporary Review and Comparison of Root Canal Obturation Techniques 493
2.1 Classification of Root Canal Obturation Techniques [2] 493
2.2 Comparison of Root Canal Obturation Techniques 494
3 Consultation with Expert of Endodontic and Design Engineering 495
4 Contemporary Review of Micro-leakage Studies and Mechanical Sealing 496
5 Micro-leakage Evaluation, Quality Assessment Techniques, and Comparison 498
5.1 Micro-leakage Evaluation and Quality Assessment Techniques 498
5.2 Comparison of Micro-leakage Evaluation and Quality Assessment Techniques 501
6 Most Recent Endodontic Researches 503
7 Discussion 504
Acknowledgments 505
References 505
56 Adaptive Fault Tolerance Flight Controller for Aircraft Actuator Failure 507
1 Introduction 507
2 Aircraft Model 508
3 Flight Controller Design 509
4 Simulation 510
5 Conclusion 512
References 515
Author Index 516