Energy Storage

I. Introduction 7
1. Issues and challenges 7
2. Current and predicted storage deployment 8

II. Why is electricity storage required? 9
1. Benefits 9
2. Range of services 9

III. Storage technologies 13
1. Technology summaries 13
2. Technology selection 16

IV. Applications 19
1. Standalone storage projects 19
2. Co-location with generation 20
3. Commercial behind-the-meter applications 22
4. Domestic behind-the-meter applications 24
5. Islanded networks and micro-grids 24
6. Co-location with electric vehicle charging infrastructure 25

V. Regulatory framework 27
1. Overview 27
2. Licensing 27
3. Final consumption levies 28
4. Network charging 29
5. Definition of storage 30
6. Disputes 32

VI. Role of stakeholders 33
1. Government 33
2. Energy regulator 35
3. System operators 36
4. Network owners 38
5. Aggregators 40
6. Suppliers 41
7. Generators 42

VII. Revenue streams 43
1. Revenue stacking 43
2. Frequency response 45
3. Provision of reserve 47
4. Black Start 50
5. Alternative system services 50
6. Energy trading 50
7. Participation in balancing market 51
8. Other revenue streams 52

VIII. Electricity export and trading agreement 53
1. Overview 53
2. Trading arrangements 54
3. Co-located projects 55

IX. Import electricity supply agreement 57
1. Agreement structure 57
2. Pricing 58

X. Grid connection arrangements 61
1. Key considerations 61
2. Existing connections 63
3. Active network management 63

XI. Construction contract 65
1. Contractual structure 65
2. Key issues 66

XII. Operations agreement 69
1. Structure and key provisions 69
2. Additional considerations 70

XIII. Land agreement 71
1. Land requirement 71
2. Key considerations 72

XIV. Permitting 75
1. Consent to construct and operate 75
2. Producer responsibility 76
3. Wider environmental and health and safety requirements 76

XV. Corporate arrangements 79
1. Corporate structures 79
2. M&A activity 80
3. Investors 81

XVI. Financing arrangements 83
1. Overview 83
2. Key challenges 84
3. Key issues 84
4. Key financing terms 88

XVII.Conclusion 91
Notes 92
About the author 95
About Globe Law and Business 96