Polymer/POSS Nanocomposites and Hybrid Materials (eBook)

Susheel Kalia is Associate Professor & Head of the Department of Chemistry at Army Cadet College Wing of the Indian Military Academy Dehradun. He was visiting researcher in the Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering at University of Bologna, Italy, in 2013, and held a position as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Bahra University, Solan, India until 2015. His research interests include polymeric composites, bio- and nanocomposites, conducting polymers, nanofibers, nanoparticles, hybrid materials, hydrogels, and cryogenics, and are documented in more than 65 research papers in international journals, over 80 conference contributions (incl. numerous invited contributions) and several book chapters. Kalia is an experienced book editor, and he has edited a number of successful books (with Springer and other publishers), such as Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, Polymers at Cryogenic Temperatures, and Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers. Susheel Kalia is the main editor of the "Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials". In addition he is a member of a number of professional organizations, including the Asian Polymer Association, Indian Cryogenics Council, the Society for Polymer Science, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists, and the International Association of Advanced Materials.​Professor Krzysztof Pielichowski, head of Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, is an expert in polymer (nano)technology and chemistry, particularly in the areas of polymer nanocomposites with engineering polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic materials containing POSS. Special attention is dedicated to the assessment of nanocomposites impact on the environment at all stages: preparation, characterization and recycling. Prof. Pielichowski is currently performing a research program in the area of preparation of engineering polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties for construction applications. He is co-author (or editor) of eight books and over 150 papers with impact factor.Krzysztof Pielichowski is editor of the book series 'Modern Polymeric Materials for Environmental Applications' and he has been recipient of a number of international and national awards, such as the Kosciuszko Foundation Fellowship in 2000, the Fulbright Fellowship in 2003 and the Rector of CUT Award in 2009, 2010 and 2015. He also has been a consultant or cooperating with a number of companies, both Polish and international. He was also member of the Management Committee of the European Union COST Action MP1105 'Sustainable flame retardancy for textiles and related materials based on nanoparticles substituting conventional chemicals' and is member of the Committee of Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Commission of Technical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 10
Synthesis Routes of POSS 12
1 Introduction 12
2 Synthetic Methodologies 14
2.1 Solgel Synthetic Procedures 14
2.2 Corner Capping of Partially Condensed POSS 18
2.3 Cleavage of Completely Condensed POSS 19
2.4 Hydrosilylation for the Preparations of T8R8, T8R7R?, and  T_8 R_7 - n R^_n POSS 20
2.5 Microwave Irradiation Procedures 21
2.6 High Yield and/or Facile Functionalization Methods for Novel Functional POSS—An Overview 22
3 Characterization Procedures 25
3.1 NMR Characterization of POSS 25
3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy 27
3.3 X-Ray Diffraction 28
3.4 MALDI-TOF Characterization 30
3.5 XPS Characterization 30
3.6 SEC-GPC Characterization 31
3.7 TGA Characterization 32
4 Conclusions 33
References 34
Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Materials with POSS 38
1 Preface 38
2 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) 39
3 Polymer/POSS Hybrid Nanomaterial 41
4 Interaction in Polymer/POSS 42
5 Design and Fabrication Strategies for Polymer/POSS Hybrid 44
6 Structure–Property Relationship in Polymer/POSS Hybrid System 48
7 Challenges and Future Scenarios 49
8 Summary 51
References 52
Self-assembly of POSS-Containing Materials 56
1 Introduction 56
2 POSS Crystal Packing and Hierarchical Structures in the Solid State 58
2.1 Monofunctional POSS 58
2.2 Heterofunctional POSS 60
3 Mesomorphic Behaviour of POSS Crystals 64
4 Advanced Hybrid Materials Based on POSS Self-assembling Phenomena 68
4.1 Surfactants 69
4.2 Hybrid POM–POSS Clusters and Related Structures 74
4.3 3D Nanonetworks 76
4.4 Templating with POSS 86
4.5 POSS-Containing Hybrid Materials for Optoelectronics 97
4.6 Supramolecular Bioactive POSS Nanoassemblies 111
4.7 Self-assembly of POSS at the Interface 115
5 Conclusions and Perspectives 122
References 123
Polyolefins with POSS 140
1 Introduction 141
2 Polyolefin/POSS Nanocomposites 143
2.1 Polyethylene/POSS 144
2.2 Polypropylene/POSS 150
2.3 Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer/POSS 159
2.4 Composites of Vinyl Polymers with POSS 160
3 Reactive Mixing of Polyolefins and POSS 161
3.1 Reactive Mixing Processes and Phase Interactions 161
3.2 Morphology and Structure of PP-g-POSS Composites 164
3.3 Crystallization Behaviour and Thermal Degradation 164
3.4 Mechanical and Rheological Properties 168
4 Applications 172
5 Concluding Remarks 174
References 175
Polyurethane/POSS Hybrid Materials 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Chemical Modifications 182
2.1 POSS Molecules as Pendant Groups in the Polyurethane Chain 183
2.2 POSS Incorporated in the Main Chain 193
2.3 POSS in a Polyurethane Network Node 196
3 Physical Blending 203
4 Application of PU-POSS Hybrid Materials 205
5 Conclusions 206
References 207
POSS-Containing Polyamide-Based Nanocomposites 216
1 Introduction 216
1.1 POSS 217
1.2 Polyamides 220
2 Polyamides-POSS Nanocomposites 220
2.1 Incorporation of POSS in Polyamides 220
2.2 POSS-Polymer Interaction 221
3 PA-POSS Structure and Morphology 222
3.1 Morphology of POSS-Containing PA-Polymer Blends 224
4 PA-POSS Functional Properties 226
4.1 Mechanical Properties 226
4.2 Thermal Degradation 230
4.3 Glass Transition Temperature 231
4.4 Membrane Properties 232
4.5 Fire Retardancy 233
4.6 Rheological Properties 235
5 Processing of POSS-Polymer Nanocomposites 236
6 Other Polymer-POSS Nanocomposites 237
6.1 POSS-Homopolymer Nanocomposites 237
6.2 POSS-Block Copolymer Nanocomposites 238
7 Summary 239
References 239
Dielectric Properties of Epoxy/POSS and PE/POSS Systems 243
1 Introduction to Dielectric Properties of Polymeric Systems 244
2 PE/POSS and PP/POSS Systems 246
2.1 Compounding Techniques and Microstructure 247
2.2 Breakdown Strength and Erosion Resistance 249
2.3 Dielectric Response 251
3 Epoxy/POSS Systems 255
3.1 Classification, Processing, and Additives 255
3.2 Breakdown Strength and Erosion Resistance 256
3.3 Glass Transition Temperature of POSS/Epoxy Resins 258
3.4 Dielectric Response 260
4 Conclusions 261
References 261
Porous Hybrid Materials with POSS 265
1 Introduction 265
2 POSS Materials 269
2.1 Organic Functional POSS Cages 269
3 Porous Hybrid Materials with POSS 272
3.1 POSS–Polymer Hybrids 274
3.2 POSS–Metal Hybrids 279
4 Properties of POSS Hybrid Porous Materials 282
4.1 Porosity/Surface Area 283
4.2 Morphology 284
4.3 Thermal Properties 285
4.4 Mechanical Properties 286
4.5 Catalytic Properties 287
4.6 Dielectric Properties 287
5 Applications of Porous POSS Hybrid Materials 291
5.1 Monolithic Columns 292
5.2 Biological Uses 294
5.3 Gas Storage/CO2 Adsorption 297
5.4 Energy Storage 298
5.5 Membranes 300
6 Conclusion 301
References 301
Rubbers Reinforced by POSS 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Elastomers and Rubber—General Characteristics 311
3 Fillers for Elastomers—General Characteristics 314
4 General-Purpose Rubbers/POSS 319
5 Special-Purpose Rubbers/POSS 322
6 Thermoplastic Elastomers/POSS 332
7 Summary and Perspectives 337
References 338
POSS as Fire Retardant 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Parameters in Flammability Testing 348
3 Fire Retardancy of Polymer/POSS Composites 349
3.1 General Trends and Parameters 349
3.2 Examples of Fire Retardant Polymer/POSS Composites 352
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 371
References 377
POSS Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications 382
1 Three-Dimensional (3D) Nanomaterials 383
2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials 384
3 One-Dimensional (1D) Nanomaterials 384
4 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Nanomaterials 384
5 Dental Materials 385
6 Drug Delivery 389
7 Tissue Engineering of POSS 394
8 Bioimaging 399
9 Conclusion 401
References 401
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials with POSS for Coatings 404
1 Coating Properties 404
2 Organic–Inorganic Coatings 405
3 POSS-Containing Coatings 406
4 Mechanical Properties 408
5 Surface Properties 413
6 Flame Retardancy Effect of POSS 418
7 Corrosion-Resistant Coating Containing POSS 420
8 Conclusion 420
References 421
Decomposition and Ageing of Hybrid Materials with POSS 423
1 Introduction 423
2 Epoxies–POSSs Composites 426
3 Polypropylene–POSSs Composites 436
4 Polystyrene–POSSs Composites 443
5 Polylactide–POSSs Composites 450
6 Polyimides–POSSs Composites 454
7 Polyurethane–POSSs Composites 458
8 Conclusions 463
References 463