Nano-Energetic Materials (eBook)

Shantanu Bhattacharya (PhD) is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and the Head of Design Program at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Prior to this he completed his MS in Mechanical Engineering from the Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas and a PhD in Bio-engineering from the University of Missouri at Columbia, United States of America. He also completed a post-doctoral training at the Birck Nanotechnology Center at the Purdue University. Dr. Bhattacharya’s main research interests are Design and development of micro- nano sensors and actuation platforms, nano-energetic materials, micro and nanofabrication technologies, water  remediation using visible light photocatalysis and product design and development. He has many awards and accolades to his credit which includes the Institution of Engineers Young engineer award, the Institute of Smart structures and systems young scientist award, the national design research best mechanical engineering award, fellowship from the high energetic materials institute at Australia, fellowship of the Institution of Engineers of India etc. Dr. Bhattacharya has guided many PhD and masters students and has many international journal publications, patents, books and conference proceedings.Avinash K Agarwal (PhD) is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. His areas of interest are IC engines, combustion, alternative fuels, conventional fuels, optical diagnostics, laser ignition, HCCI, emission and particulate control, and large bore engines. He has published 24 books and 230+ international journal and conference papers. Prof. Agarwal is a Fellow of SAE (2012), ASME (2013), ISEES (2015) and INAE (2015). He received several awards such as Prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award-2016 in Engineering Sciences, Rajib Goyal prize-2015, NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award-2012; INAE Silver Jubilee Young Engineer Award-2012; SAE International’s Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award-2008; INSA Young Scientist Award-2007; UICT Young Scientist Award-2007; INAE Young Engineer Award-2005.T Rajagopalan (PhD) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, MO, USA. He has previously worked as a consultant and senior project manager to NEMS/MEMS Works LLC, USA, a Visiting Scientist in the Ben Gurion  University of the Negev, Israel, and others. His research interests include synthesis, processing, characterization and application aspects of carbon nanotubes and graphene, self- assembly of nanomaterials, mesostructured materials, nanoenergetic materials and 2D materials. He is a member of American Chemical Society, USA, Materials Research Society, USA and IEEE, and has published 36 peer-reviewed journal articles, 2 book chapters and holds 8 patents.Vinay Kumar Patel is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering & Technology Pauri, Uttarakhand, India. He completed his PhD from IIT Kanpur in 2015, specializing in nanofabrication and characterization of high energy composites. His research interests include nano-energetic materials, MEMS, high energy combustion, welding and tribology. He has published 15 journal articles in high impact journals, 7 conference papers and 2 book chapters 

Preface 6
Contents 9
Editors and Contributors 11
Nano-energetic Materials: The Current Paradigm 16
1 Introduction to Nano-energetic Materials 17
Abstract 17
2 Aluminum-Based Nano-energetic Materials: State of the Art and Future Perspectives 22
Abstract 22
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Oxidation Mechanism 25
2.3 Micron- Versus Nano-Aluminum 29
2.4 Surface Passivation Efforts 30
2.5 Self-assembled Nano-energetic Composites 34
2.6 Energetic Liquids 38
2.7 Perspectives 40
References 43
3 Nanostructured Energetic Composites: An Emerging Paradigm 49
Abstract 49
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Synthesis of Nanothermites 53
3.2.1 Nanofuel Synthesis Using Bottom-Up Approach 54
3.2.1.1 Technique Using Nano-Al 54
3.2.1.2 (a) Synthesis by Mixing 62
3.2.1.3 (b) Synthesis by Self-Assembly 64
3.2.1.4 Deposition Technique 67
3.2.1.5 Arrested Reactive Milling (ARM) 69
3.3 Properties of Nanothermites 69
3.4 Types of Nanothermites 70
3.5 Applications of Nanothermites 80
3.6 Conclusion 85
References 86
4 Nano-energetic Materials for Defense Application 93
Abstract 93
4.1 Introduction to Energetic Materials 93
4.2 Types of Various Energetic Materials and Their Syntheses 97
4.2.1 Nitrotriazoles 98
4.2.2 Ammonium Dinitramide 98
4.2.3 Pyrazoles 99
4.2.4 Tetrazines 100
4.2.5 Furazans 100
4.2.6 Pyridines and Pyrazines 101
4.3 Methods of Producing Energetic Material 102
4.4 Importance of Nano-energetic Materials 104
4.5 Nano-energetic Materials (NEMs) for Microscale Application 104
4.6 Synthesis of Nano-energetic Materials (nEMs) for Microscale Applications 106
4.7 Propellants and Explosives in Defense Application 112
4.7.1 Rocket Propulsion 112
4.7.2 Warheads 114
4.7.2.1 Insensitive Energetic Materials 115
4.7.2.2 Munitions Containing Nanoparticles 115
4.7.2.3 Switchable Explosivity 115
4.8 Conclusion 116
References 116
5 Nano-aluminium as Catalyst in Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 121
Abstract 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Catalytic Activity of Nano-Al on Ammonium Perchlorate 124
5.3 Catalytic Activity of Nano-Al on RDX 126
5.4 Catalytic Activity of Nano-al on HMX 127
5.5 Catalytic Activity of Nano-al on TBX 127
5.6 Catalytic Activity of Nano-al Thermite Composite on Ammonium Perchlorate 128
5.7 Conclusion 129
References 129
Fabrication of Nano-energetic Materials 133
6 Nano-energetic Materials on a Chip 134
Abstract 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Micro-/Nanofabrication of Thin Energetic Film/Structure 136
6.2.1 Al/CuO-Based Thin Energetic Film/Structure 136
6.2.2 Al/Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3)-Based Thin Energetic Film 140
6.2.3 Al/MoOx-Based Thin Energetic Film 141
6.2.4 Al/Fe2O3-Based Thin Energetic Films 142
6.3 Mg/CuO- or MnOx-Based Thin Energetic Films 143
6.4 Other Materials Such as CuPc/MWCNT/ NiCo2O4-Based Thin Energetic Film 144
6.5 Super-Hydrophobic Nano-energetic Thin Film 145
6.6 Conclusions 146
References 147
7 Nano-/Micro-engineering for Future Li–Ion Batteries 151
Abstract 151
7.1 Introduction 151
7.1.1 Introduction to the LiB Storage Mechanism 152
7.2 Active Materials 154
7.2.1 Effect of Size of the Active Material Particles 155
7.2.2 Effect of Morphology and Structure of the Active Material Particle 156
7.2.3 Effect of Active Material Composition 158
7.3 Binders 160
7.3.1 Binders with High Carboxylic Group 160
7.3.2 Nanoscale Polymer Multifunctional Binder 162
7.3.3 Conducting Polymer Gels as the Binder 162
7.3.4 Conducting Polymer with Functional Groups 163
7.4 Carbon Additives 163
7.4.1 Role of Carbon Nanostructures 165
7.4.2 Carbon Coating 165
7.5 Electrode Parameters 165
7.5.1 The Thickness of the Electrode 166
7.5.2 Composition of the Materials 166
7.5.3 The Porosity of the Electrodes 167
7.5.4 Electrode Manufacturing Processes 168
7.5.5 Slurry Deposition Method 168
7.5.6 Mixing of Materials and Slurry Preparation 170
7.5.7 The Casting of the Slurry 172
7.5.8 Calendaring of the Coated Electrodes 174
7.5.9 Cutting of Electrodes 174
7.5.10 Cell Assembly 174
7.5.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 176
7.6 Research and Development (R& D) Trends
7.6.1 1% Al-Doping on Cathode Side 177
7.6.2 Second-Generation Anode 179
7.6.3 Dry Coating and Pre-lithiation 180
7.6.4 Modification for Lithium Metal-Based Batteries 181
7.7 Perspective 183
References 183
8 Different Approaches to Micro-/Nanofabricate and Pattern Energetic Materials 187
Abstract 187
8.1 Introduction 188
8.2 Synthesis Approaches for Realization of Nano-energetic Materials 189
8.2.1 Ultrasonic Mixing 189
8.2.2 Layered Vapor Deposition 190
8.2.3 High Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) 190
8.2.4 Solgel Methodology 191
8.2.5 Formulation by Porous Silicon Embedded with Oxidizers 191
8.2.6 Self-Assembly Methodology 193
8.2.7 Core/Shell Patterning of Energetic Materials on Silicon Substrate 194
8.3 Conclusion 195
References 196
Tuning and Characterization of Nano-energetic Materials 199
9 Tuning the Reactivity of Nano-energetic Gas Generators Based on Bismuth and Iodine Oxidizers 200
Abstract 200
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 Thermodynamic Considerations 202
9.3 Preparation of Iodine- and Bismuth-Based Oxidizers at Nanoscale 205
9.4 Emerging Applications of NGGs Based on Iodine and Bismuth Oxidizers 207
9.4.1 Nano-energetic Micropropulsion Systems 209
9.4.2 High Power Output Actuators Based on MWCNT/NGGs Composite Yarns 212
9.4.3 NGG Based on Iodine Pentoxide Oxidizer for Biocidal Agent Defeat 217
9.5 Summary 218
References 218
Nano-energetic Materials: The Emerging Paradigm 222
10 Recent Advancement in the Fabrication of Energy Storage Devices for Miniaturized Electronics 223
Abstract 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 Fabrication Methods for Constructing the Energy Storage Devices 225
10.2.1 Printing Techniques 226
10.2.2 Laser Scribing 228
10.2.3 Lithography 230
10.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 232
10.2.5 Electrochemical and Electrophoretic Depositions 232
10.3 Current Advancement in the Electrode Design for Micro-supercapacitors 236
10.3.1 In-Plane Electrode Design 236
10.3.2 3-D Electrodes Design 237
10.4 Advancement in the Material’s Development for Improved Energy Storage Devices 239
10.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials 240
10.4.2 Metal Oxides 240
10.4.2.1 Two-Dimensional Morphology 240
10.4.2.2 Core/Shell Nanohybrid Structures 241
10.4.2.3 Ternary Transition Metal Oxides/Mixed Transition Metal Oxides (MTMOs) 242
10.4.3 Conducting Polymers 243
10.5 Conclusion 245
References 246
11 Solid Energetic Materials-Based Microthrusters for Space Applications 249
Abstract 249
11.1 Introduction 250
11.2 Survey of Design, Development, and Performance of Microthrusters 251
11.2.1 Solid Propellants-Based Microthruster 251
11.2.2 Nano-thermites-Based Microthruster 255
11.3 Conclusion 256
References 257
12 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Production Through Photocatalysis 259
Abstract 259
12.1 Photocatalysis 260
12.1.1 Types of Photocatalysis 260
12.1.1.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis 260
12.1.1.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 261
12.1.2 Electronic and Optical Properties of Heterogeneous Semiconductors 262
12.1.3 The Electronic Structure of Semiconductors 263
12.1.3.1 The Fermi Energy Level 263
12.1.3.2 Surface Versus Bulk Properties 264
12.1.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometry 265
12.1.5 Radiation Sources 266
12.1.6 Photocatalytic Metal Oxides 267
12.1.7 Importance of Photocatalytic Efficiency of Metal Oxides by Nanostructure Growth Techniques 269
12.2 Hydrogen Production 270
12.2.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 270
12.2.1.1 Semiconductors 271
12.2.1.2 Efficient Water-Splitter Catalysts 272
12.2.2 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production 273
12.3 Conclusion 276
References 276
13 Interface Mechanical Properties in Energetic Materials Using Nanoscale Impact Experiment and Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy 282
Abstract 282
13.1 Introduction 283
13.2 Strain-Rate-Dependent Constitutive Model 285
13.2.1 Sample Preparation 285
13.2.2 Nanoscale Dynamic Impact Experiment 286
13.2.3 Viscoplastic Model Parameter Evaluation 288
13.3 Interface Failure Properties Measurement 290
13.3.1 In Situ Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy 290
13.3.2 Raman Shift Versus Stress Calibration 291
13.3.3 Cohesive Zone Model Parameter Evaluation 293
13.4 Conclusions 295
Acknowledgements 295
References 295