Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 7
1 Error Analysis for Shock Equation of State Measurements in Polymers Using Manganin Gauges 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Results and Discussion 12
1.3 Conclusions 16
References 17
2 Ballistic Impact Experiments and Quantitative Assessments of Mesoscale Damage Modes in a Single-Layer Woven Composite 18
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Experimental Setup 20
2.3 Ballistic Results 20
2.4 Quantitative Investigation of Mesoscale Damage 20
2.5 Qualitative Investigation of Mesoscale Damage 21
2.6 Conclusions 23
References 25
3 A Novel Approach for Plate Impact Experiments to Obtain Properties of Materials Under Extreme Conditions 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Experimental Procedure 28
3.3 Results and Discussion 31
3.4 Summary 32
References 33
4 Effect of the Ratio of Charge Mass to Target Mass on Measured Impulse 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Test Facilities 35
4.3 Test Data 38
4.4 Air Drag 40
4.5 Target Mass – Charge Mass Effects 41
4.6 Discussion 41
4.7 Results 45
References 50
5 Fracture and Failure Characterization of Transparent Acrylic Based Graft Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (Graft-IPNs) 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) 52
5.3 Material Synthesis 53
5.4 Quasistatic Tests 53
5.4.1 Elastic Modulus 53
5.4.2 Fracture Toughness 54
5.5 Dynamic Fracture Tests 54
5.6 Optical Measurements 56
5.7 Summary 57
References 57
6 Dynamic Crack Branching in Soda-Lime Glass: An Optical Investigation Using DigitalGradient Sensing 58
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) 59
6.3 Experimental Details 60
6.4 Crack Growth Morphology 61
6.5 Optical Measurements 61
6.6 Stress Measurements 62
6.7 Crack Branching 63
6.8 Summary 63
References 63
7 A Hybrid Experimental-Numerical Study of Crack Initiation and Growth in Transparent Bilayers Across a Weak Interface 64
7.1 Introduction 64
7.2 Specimen Preparation 65
7.3 Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) 66
7.4 Experimental Setup 66
7.5 Optical Measurements 67
7.6 FE Simulations (Work-in-Progress) 67
7.7 Summary 69
References 70
8 Inelastic Behavior of Tungsten-Carbide in Pressure-Shear Impact Shock Experiments Beyond 20 GPa 71
8.1 Introduction 71
8.2 Results 72
References 73
9 Mechanical Response and Damage Evolution of High-Strength Concrete Under Triaxial Loading 74
9.1 Introduction 74
9.2 Experiments 75
9.3 Results 75
9.4 Conclusion 76
References 76
10 Heterodyne Diffracted Beam Photonic Doppler Velocimeter (DPDV) for Pressure-Shear Shock Experiments 77
10.1 Introduction 77
10.2 Interferometer Configuration 78
10.3 Interferometer Measurement Sensitivity and Analysis of Recorded Waveforms 78
10.4 Experimental Validation – Normal Impact of Y-Cut Quartz 79
References 80
11 An Optimization-Based Approach to Design a Complex Loading Pattern Using a Modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar 81
11.1 Introduction 81
11.2 Methods 82
11.3 Results 82
References 83
12 Development of “Dropkinson” Bar for Intermediate Strain-Rate Testing 84
12.1 Introduction 84
12.2 The Dropkinson Bar Design 84
12.3 Experimental Verification 85
12.4 Conclusions 86
References 86
13 Radial Inertia Effect on Dynamic Compressive Response of Polymeric Foam Materials 87
13.1 Introduction 87
13.2 Radial Inertia in a Compressible Cylindrical Solid 87
13.3 Conclusions 88
References 89
14 Examining Material Response Using X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging 90
14.1 Introduction 90
14.2 Experiments and Methods 90
14.3 Results 92
14.4 Conclusions 93
References 93
15 History Note: Machining, Strain Gages, and a Pulse-Heated Kolsky Bar 95
15.1 Introduction 95
15.2 Machining Analysis 96
15.3 Strain Measurment 96
15.4 NIST Pulse-Heated Kolsky Bar 98
15.5 Conclusions and Future Work 98
References 99
16 Improved Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability Experiments for Very-High-Rate Strength and Application to Tantalum 100
16.1 Introduction 100
16.2 Experiments 100
16.3 Results 101
16.4 Discussion 101
References 103
17 Mechanical Characterization and Numerical Material Modeling of Polyurea 104
17.1 Material Characterization 104
17.2 Experimental / Numerical Correlation 104
18 Full-Scale Testing and Numerical Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Hot Stamped Ultra-High Strength Steel Hat Sections 107
18.1 Introduction and Background 107
18.2 Methodology 107
18.3 Experimental Results 108
18.4 Numerical Results 109
18.5 Conclusions 110
References 110
19 Mechanical Characterization of ZrO2 Rich Glass Ceramic 111
19.1 Introduction 111
19.2 Fracture Toughness 112
19.3 Vickers Hardness 112
19.4 Brittleness Index 113
19.5 R-Curve 113
19.6 Results 114
19.7 Surface Roughness Measurement 115
19.8 Work-in-Progress 116
19.9 Summary 116
References 116
20 Microstructure Characterization of Electrodeposited Nickel Tested at High Strain Rates 117
References 118
21 The Flow Stress of AM IN 625 under Conditions of High Strain and Strain Rate 119
21.1 Introduction 119
21.2 Experimental 119
21.3 Results 121
21.4 Conclusions 124
References 124
22 Proton Radiography of Reverse Ballistic Impacts 125
22.1 Introduction 125
22.2 Experimental Setup 126
22.3 Results and Discussion 127
22.4 Conclusions 127
References 128
23 The Effect of ECAE on the Ballistic Response of AZ31 130
23.1 Introduction 130
23.2 Materials 130
23.3 Experimental Method 131
23.4 Results and Discussion 131
23.5 Conclusion 132
References 132
24 Development of an Interferometer and Schlieren Based Measurement Technique for Resolving Cavitation Pressure Fields 133
24.1 Motivation 133
24.2 Experimental Approach 133
24.3 Validation and Results 135
24.4 Conclusion 136
References 136
25 Quasi-Static and Dynamic Poisson's Ratio Evolution of Hyperelastic Foams 137
25.1 Introduction 137
25.2 Experiments and Results 137
25.3 Summary 138
References 138
26 Revisit of Dynamic Brazilian Tests of Geomaterials 139
26.1 Introduction 139
26.2 Experiments and Results 140
26.3 Summary 140
References 141
27 Interface Chemistry Dependent Mechanical Properties in Energetic Materials Using Nano-Scale Impact Experiment 142
References 146
28 Optimization of an Image-Based Experimental Setup for the Dynamic Behaviour Characterization of Materials 148
28.1 Introduction 148
28.2 Optimization of a Test Configuration 149
28.3 Conclusion 149
References 150
29 High Strain Rate Response of Adhesively Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Composite Joints:A Computational Study to Guide Experimental Design 151
29.1 Introduction 151
29.2 Material and Methods 152
29.2.1 Mode I and Mode II Loading Configuration 152
29.3 Results and Discussion 153
29.3.1 Mode I Loading 153
29.3.2 Mode II Loading 154
29.4 Summary 156
References 156
30 Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments on Soda-Lime Glass at Pressures Beyond 20 GPa 157
30.1 Introduction 157
30.2 Experimental Setup 157
30.3 Results and Discussion 158
30.4 Conclusion 158
References 159
31 Dynamic Mechanical Response of T800/F3900 Composite Under Tensile and Compressive Loading 160
31.1 Introduction 160
31.2 Experimental Setup 160
31.3 Results 161
31.3.1 Tension Tests 161
31.3.2 Compression Tests 162
31.4 Conclusions 164
References 164
32 Experimental Investigation of Rate Sensitive Mechanical Response of Pure Polyurea 165
32.1 Introduction 165
32.1.1 General Description of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) and Working 166
32.1.2 Polyurea Sample Preparation 166
32.1.3 Calibration of SHPB 167
32.2 Requirements for Valid Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB) Experiments 167
32.2.1 Effect of Pulse Shaper 167
32.3 Results and Discussion 168
32.4 Conclusions 170
References 171
33 Experimental Study on Dynamic Fracture Response of Al6063-T6 Under High Rates of Loading 172
33.1 Introduction 172
33.2 Experimental Procedure 173
33.2.1 Material and Specimen 173
33.2.2 Determination of Static Fracture Toughness 174
33.2.3 Determination of Dynamic Fracture Toughness 174
33.3 Results and Discussion 175
33.3.1 Quasi-Static Experiments 175
33.3.2 Dynamic Experiments 175
33.4 Summary and Conclusions 177
Appendix 1. Compliance of Cracked Specimen 178
Appendix 2. The Expression of k?(?) and v?(?) 178
References 178
34 Ballistic and Material Tests and Simulations on Ultra-High Performance Concrete 180
34.1 Introduction 180
34.2 Materials and Methods 181
34.2.1 Ultra-High Performance Concrete Material 181
34.3 Test Performed on UHPC 181
34.3.1 Quasistatic and Medium-Rate Compression Tests 181
34.3.2 High-Rate SHPB Compression Tests 181
34.3.3 High-Pressure Compression Tests 181
34.3.4 Torsion Tests 181
34.3.5 Ballistic Tests 182
34.4 Test Results 182
34.4.1 Quasistatic and Medium-Rate Compression Results 182
34.4.2 High-Rate Compression Results 183
34.4.3 High-Pressure Triaxial Compression Results 183
34.4.4 Torsion Results 183
34.4.5 Ballistic Test Results 183
34.5 Numerical Simulations Results 184
34.6 Summary and Conclusions 185
References 185
35 Mechanical Behavior of Ta at Extreme Strain-Rates 186
35.1 Introduction 186
35.2 Experiments 187
35.3 Discussion/Conclusion 189
References 190
36 Constitutive Modeling of Polyamide Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars for the Design of a Pre-stretched Apparatus 191
36.1 Introduction and Statement of Problem 191
36.2 Methods 192
36.3 Results and Discussion 193
36.4 Conclusion 195
References 195
37 Investigating the Mechanical and Thermal Relationship for Epoxy Blends 196
37.1 Introduction 196
37.2 Materials 196
37.3 Methodology 197
37.4 Results and Discussion 197
References 198
38 A Novel Auxetic Structure with Enhanced Impact Performance by Means of Periodic Tessellation with Variable Poisson's Ratio 200
38.1 Introduction 200
38.2 Material and Testing Methods 201
38.2.1 Material Design and Fabrication 201
38.2.2 Numerical Method 202
38.2.3 Experimental Testing Method 203
38.3 Results 203
38.4 Summary and Conclusions 206
References 207
39 On the Response of Polymer Bonded Explosives at Different Impact Velocities 208
39.1 Introduction 208
39.2 Materials and Methods 208
39.2.1 Material Preparation 208
39.2.2 Full-Field Stress Calculation 209
39.3 Results and Discussion 211
39.3.1 Macroscale Axial Strain Field 211
39.3.2 Spatial Stress Profile 211
39.3.3 Mesoscale Deformation Mechanisms 211
39.4 Summary 212
References 213
40 Localized Microstructural Deformation Behavior of Dynamically Deformed Pure Magnesium 214
40.1 Introduction 214
40.2 Material and Methods 215
40.2.1 Material Preparation 215
40.2.2 Experimental Setup 215
40.3 Results and Discussion 216
40.3.1 Macroscale Strain Field 216
40.4 Summary 216
References 217
41 Energy Absorption Characteristics of Graded Foams Subjected to High Velocity Loading 218
41.1 Introduction 218
41.2 Materials and Methods 219
41.3 Results and Discussion 219
41.4 Summary 221
References 221
42 Residual Structural Capacity of a High-Performance Concrete 222
42.1 Introduction 222
42.2 Experiments 222
42.3 Results 223
42.4 Conclusion 224
References 225
43 Dynamic Mode II Fracture Response of PMMA Within an Aquatic Environment 226
43.1 Extended Abstract 226
References 230
44 An Image-Based Inertial Impact Test for the High Strain Rate Properties of Brittle Materials 231
44.1 Introduction 231
44.2 Experimental Methodology 232
44.3 Data Processing 232
44.4 Results and Discussion 233
44.5 Conclusion and Future Work 233
References 234
45 An Image-Based Approach for Measuring Dynamic Fracture Toughness 235
45.1 Introduction 235
45.2 Theory and Concept 236
45.3 Numerical Modelling 236
45.4 Results and Discussion 237
45.5 Conclusion and Future Work 238
References 238
46 The Effect of in-Plane Properties on the Ballistic Response of Polyethylene Composites 239
46.1 Extended Abstract 239
References 241
47 Storage and Loss Moduli of Low-Impedance Materials at kHz Frequencies 242
47.1 Introduction 242
47.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 243
47.3 Analysis Method and Discussion 243
References 244
48 Effects of Pressure and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Behavior of Glassy Polymers 245
48.1 Introduction 245
48.2 Materials and Methods 246
48.3 Results and Discussion 247
48.4 Summary 248
References 248
49 The Role of Texture on the Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Mg and Mg Alloy AZ31B 249
49.1 Introduction 249
49.2 Experimental Methodology 250
49.3 Results and Discussion 251
49.4 Conclusions 252
References 252
50 Shock Compaction of Al Powder Examined by X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging 254
50.1 Introduction 254
50.2 Experimental Details 254
50.3 Results and Discussion 255
50.4 Conclusions 255
References 256
51 Shock Compression Response of Model Polymer/Metal Composites 258
51.1 Introduction 258
51.2 Materials and Methods 259
51.3 Results 259
51.4 Discussion 260
51.5 Conclusion 262
References 263
52 High-Strain Rate Interlaminar Shear Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Composites Using an Image-Based Inertial Impact Test 264
52.1 Introduction 264
52.2 Test Concept 265
52.3 Numerical Modelling 265
52.4 Results and Discussion 266
52.5 Conclusions and Future Work 266
References 266
53 Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Mechanisms of Mg-based Alloys in Shear Using In-Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction 267
53.1 Introduction 267
53.2 Experimental Methods 269
53.3 Results 271
53.4 Conclusions 279
References 280
54 Developing an Alternative to Roma Plastilina #1 as a Ballistic Backing Material for the Ballistic Testing of Body Armor 281
54.1 Introduction 281
54.2 Experimental 282
54.3 Results/Discussion 283
54.4 Conclusions 283
References 283
55 IBII Test for High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Adhesives 284
55.1 Introduction 284
55.2 Methodology 284
55.3 Data Processing 286
55.4 Results and Analysis 286
55.5 Conclusion and Future Work 287
References 288
56 Two Modified Digital Gradient Sensing with Higher Measurement Sensitivity for Evaluating Stress Gradients in Transparent Solids 289
56.1 Introduction 289
56.2 Experimental Setup and Working Principles 290
56.2.1 Reflection-Mode Digital Gradient Sensing (r-DGS) 290
56.2.2 Transmission-Mode Digital Gr adient Sensing (t-DGS) 291
56.2.3 Double Transmission Digital Gradient Sensing (t2-DGS) 292
56.2.4 Transmission-Reflection Digital Gradient Sensing (tr-DGS) 292
56.3 Experimental Verification 293
56.4 Conclusion 295
References 296
57 Quantitative Visualization of Sub-Micron Deformations and Stresses at Sub-Microsecond Intervals in Soda-Lime Glass Plates 297
57.1 Introduction 297
57.2 Experimental Details 298
57.2.1 Reflection-Mode Digital Gradient Sensing (r-DGS) 298
57.2.2 Transmission-Reflection Digital Gradient Sensing (tr-DGS) 298
57.3 Glass Plate Subjected to Dynamic Impact 300
57.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Sub-Micron Magnitude Deformations 300
57.3.2 Quantification of Stress Fields 300
57.4 Conclusions 303
References 303
58 Microstructural Effects in the High Strain Rate Ring Fragmentation of Copper 304
References 306
59 Uncertainties in Low-Pressure Shock Experiments on Heterogeneous Materials 307
59.1 Introduction 307
59.2 Overview of Experiments 308
59.3 Monte Carlo Approach 308
59.4 Results 309
59.5 Future Work 309
References 310
60 Effects of Fluid Viscosity on Wave Propagation Through Submerged Granular Media 311
References 313
61 Numerical Study of the Failure Mechanism of Ceramics during Low Velocity Impact Used in Protective Systems 314
61.1 Introduction 314
61.2 Numerical Simulations 314
61.3 Discussion/Future Plans 315
References 317
62 Influence of High Strain Rate Transverse Compression on the Tensile Strength of Polyethylene Ballistic Single Fibers 318
62.1 Introduction 318
62.2 Experimental Set up 319
62.3 Results and Discussion 319
62.4 Conclusions 322
References 322
63 The Utility of 3D Digital Image Correlation for Characterizing High-Rate Deformation 324
63.1 Introduction 324
63.2 Methods 324
63.3 Results 326
63.4 Conclusions 329
References 329
64 Characterization of Dynamic Deformation and Failure of Novel Light Weight Steel Alloy 330
References 332
65 Dynamic Fragmentation of MAX Phase Ti3SiC2 from Edge-On Impact Experiments 333
65.1 Introduction 333
65.2 Methods 334
65.3 Results 334
References 336
66 Application of High-Speed DIC to Study Damage of Thin Membranes Under Blast 338
66.1 Introduction 338
66.2 Methods 339
66.2.1 High-Speed Digital Image Correlation (HS-DIC) and Experiment Setup 339
66.3 Sample Selection and Preparation 339
66.4 Camera Calibration 340
66.5 Results 340
66.6 Conclusions and Future Work 342
References 343
Correction to: High Strain Rate Response of Adhesively Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Composite Joints: A Computational Study to Guide Experimental Design 345