Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering (eBook)

Dr. Ivan Mutis is an Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. Throughout his active research career, Dr. Mutis has worked at the nexus of new technologies, cognition, and construction, pioneering the integration of intelligent systems into civil and architectural engineering applications. His studies have been recognized as innovative, transformative and of national significance by agencies including National Science Foundation. Professor Mutis received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida.  Dr. Timo Hartmann is Professor for Systems Engineering at the TU Berlin. In his research and practical work, he develops state of the art system visualization and simulation technologies and integrates these technologies with the working processes of construction, engineering, and architectural professionals. Professor Hartmann received his Ph.D. from Stanford University where he was a student at the Center for Integrated Facility Management. He is also deputy editor of Construction, Engineering, and Architectural Management and Advanced Engineering Informatics.

Letter from the Editors 5
About CIB and CIB W78 6
Introduction 15
Contents 7
Par7 16
Sec2 16
Information Integration and Informatics 17
1 Barriers of Automated BIM Use: Examining Factors of Project Delivery 18
Abstract 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Phase 1: Reliability Model 19
1.2.1 Findings from Phase 1 19
1.3 Phase 2: Project Delivery and Trust 19
1.3.1 Research Design 20
1.3.2 Identifying Project Delivery Variables that Impact BIM Use 20
1.3.3 Survey 1 20
1.3.4 Survey 2 21
1.4 Findings and Observations 21
1.5 Conclusion 21
References 24
2 Simulation of Construction Processes as a Link Between BIM Models and Construction Progression On-site 25
Abstract 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Background 26
2.3 Methodology 27
2.4 Proposed Framework for Integration of 4D BIM Models and Sensor Data of Construction Activity Progress 27
2.5 Case Study: Masonry 27
2.5.1 Simulation on Excel Spreadsheets 29
2.5.2 ProModel Simulation 29
2.5.3 Results 30
2.6 Conclusions 31
Acknowledgements 31
References 31
3 In Search of Sustainable Design Patterns: Combining Data Mining and Semantic Data Modelling on Disparate Building Data 33
Abstract 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery in the AEC Industry 34
3.3 BIM and Semantic Representations of Building Data 35
3.4 Combining Semantics and KDD to Enhance High-performance Design: Proposed System Architecture 35
3.5 Use Case: Gigantium Cultural and Sports Center 36
3.5.1 Capturing the Building Semantics Using a Semantic Graph 37
3.5.2 Knowledge Discovery in Operational Building Data 37
3.6 Conclusion 38
Acknowledgements 39
References 39
4 The Role of Knowledge-Based Information on BIM for Built Heritage 41
Abstract 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 State of Art 42
4.3 Overview of the Approach 42
4.4 Building the Knowledge-Based Information Model 43
4.4.1 Case Study: The Oscar Niemeyer’s Ballroom in the Pampulha Modern Ensemble 43
4.4.2 Non-geometric Data 44
4.4.3 Geometric Data 44
4.4.4 Modeling Through the Point Clouds 45
4.4.5 Knowledge-Based 46
4.5 Conclusions and Future Works 47
References 48
5 Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM): A Review of Published Case Studies 49
Abstract 49
5.1 Introduction: The Distinctive Nature of Heritage BIM 49
5.1.1 Perspectives on BIM 49
5.1.2 Understanding HBIM 50
5.2 Methodology: A Case Study Database 51
5.3 Analysis and Discussion 52
5.3.1 Introduction 52
5.3.2 Trends in the Uptake of HBIM 52
5.3.3 The Stated Purpose of HBIM Systems 53
5.3.4 Stakeholder Involvement and Responses 54
5.4 Conclusions 55
References 55
6 Next Generation of Transportation Infrastructure Management: Fusion of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) 56
Abstract 56
6.1 Introduction 56
6.2 Methodology 57
6.3 Overview of the Current Infrastructure 58
6.4 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) 59
6.4.1 Components of ITS 59
6.5 ITS-BrIM Fusion Data Framework 60
6.6 Conclusion 61
References 62
7 Blockchain in the Construction Sector: A Socio-technical Systems Framework for the Construction Industry 64
Abstract 64
7.1 Introduction 64
7.2 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): Key Concepts 65
7.3 Emergent Framework 65
7.4 Methodology 67
7.4.1 Socio-Technical Systems 67
7.4.2 Systematic Literature Review 68
7.4.3 Focus Group Discussion 68
7.5 Conclusions 68
References 69
8 Formalized Knowledge Representation to Support Integrated Planning of Highway Projects 71
Abstract 71
8.1 Introduction 71
8.2 Background 72
8.2.1 AEC/FM 72
8.2.2 Transportation Infrastructure Management 72
8.2.3 Research Gap 73
8.3 Research Objective and Approach 73
8.4 Proposed Ontology 74
8.4.1 Highway Project 74
8.4.2 Conflict Detection Process 75
8.4.3 Inter-project Conflict 76
8.5 Implementation and Validation 76
8.5.1 Logical Consistency (Ontology Verification) 77
8.5.2 Competency Evaluation 77
8.6 Conclusion 78
References 78
9 An Automated Layer Classification Method for Converting CAD Drawings to 3D BIM Models 79
Abstract 79
9.1 Introduction 79
9.2 Methodology 80
9.3 Literature Review 80
9.3.1 Architecture Drawing Standard 80
9.3.2 Current Work on 3D Model Converting 80
9.4 Automatic Layer Classification Method 81
9.4.1 Layer Property in Construction Structural Drawings 81
9.4.2 Overview of Automated Layer Classification Method 82
9.4.3 Detailed Method to Classify Typical Layers 83
9.4.3.1 Axis Text Layer 84
9.4.3.2 Dimension Layer 84
9.4.3.3 Window and Door Layer 85
9.4.3.4 Wall Layer 86
9.5 Performance Evaluation 86
9.6 Value of Automated Layer Classification 87
9.7 Conclusion 87
References 88
10 Defining Levels of Development for 4D Simulation of Major Capital Construction Projects 89
Abstract 89
10.1 Introduction 89
10.2 Related Work 90
10.3 Methodology 90
10.4 Case Studies 92
10.5 Summary and Conclusions 95
References 95
11 Modularized BIM Data Validation Framework Integrating Visual Programming Language with LegalRuleML 96
Abstract 96
11.1 Introduction 96
11.2 Literature Review 97
11.2.1 Formal Representation and Semantic Interoperability Using RuleML and LegalRuleML 98
11.2.2 Graphical Scripting or Visual Programming Language in Rule Checking 98
11.3 Methodology 99
11.4 LegalRuleML and Visual Programming-Based Rule-Checking System 100
11.4.1 The Human-Readable Layer and Machine-Computable Layer 100
11.4.2 The Rule-Checking Layer 100
11.5 Rule Classification and Parametrization 100
11.5.1 Rules and LegalRuleML 100
11.5.2 Rule Mapping in LegalRuleML 101
11.6 Example Case Study 101
11.7 Discussion and Conclusion 103
References 104
12 Coupling Between a Building Spatial Design Optimisation Toolbox and BouwConnect BIM 105
Abstract 105
12.1 Introduction 105
12.1.1 Building Design Optimisation 106
12.1.2 Optimisation and BIM 106
12.1.3 Motivation 106
12.2 Framework 106
12.2.1 Optimisation Toolbox 107
12.2.2 The BouwConnect BIM Environment 107
12.2.3 Coupling 108
12.3 Case Study 108
12.3.1 Design Process 108
12.3.2 Discussion 111
12.4 Conclusion and Outlook 111
Acknowledgements 111
References 112
13 Reusability and Its Limitations of the Modules of Existing BIM Data Exchange Requirements for New MVDs 113
Abstract 113
13.1 Introduction 113
13.2 Background 114
13.3 Methodology 114
13.3.1 A Modularized Concept 114
13.3.2 A Concept in the IfcDoc Application 115
13.3.3 Problems in Reusability of Concepts and MVDs for New MVD 118
13.4 Conclusion 119
References 120
14 Employment of Semantic Web Technologies for Capturing Comprehensive Parametric Building Models 121
Abstract 121
14.1 Introduction 122
14.2 Related Work 124
14.3 Parametric Modelling Using Semantic Web Technologies 124
14.3.1 Challenges and Limitations 124
14.3.2 RDF as a Semantic Web Standard and Technology 125
14.3.3 Data Aggregation and Processing 125
14.3.4 Data Standardization and BIM Capture 126
14.4 Conclusions 131
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
15 BIM Coordination Oriented to Facility Management 133
Abstract 133
15.1 Introduction 133
15.2 The State of the Art of BIM Project Coordination and Facility Management 134
15.3 The Relationships in the Buildings Lifecycle 135
15.4 The Inclusion of FM During the Project’s Life Cycle 135
15.5 The FM Coordination Matrix 136
15.6 Results 137
15.7 Conclusions and Further Research 137
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
16 OpenBIM Based IVE Ontology: An Ontological Approach to Improve Interoperability for Virtual Reality Applications 139
Abstract 139
16.1 Introduction 139
16.1.1 AECO in France, a Sector Highly Exposed to Occupational Accidents 139
16.1.2 Training, Essential Lever 139
16.1.3 Goal 140
16.2 Related Works 140
16.2.1 Generate the Virtual World 140
16.3 Proposed Solution and Results 141
16.3.1 Interoperability of IFC into a Virtual Environment 141
16.3.2 The Creation of Ontologies 141
16.3.3 OpenBIM Based IVE Ontology—Model Used 142
16.3.4 OpenBIM Based IVE Ontology—Generation and Evaluation 143
16.3.5 OpenBIM Based IVE Ontology—Presentation 143
16.3.6 OpenBIM Based IVE Ontology—Broadcasting 144
16.3.7 Design of the Application 144
16.4 Conclusion and Future Works 145
References 145
17 BIM and Through-Life Information Management: A Systems Engineering Perspective 147
Abstract 147
17.1 Introduction 147
17.2 Background 148
17.3 Systems Engineering Management Activities and Enablers 149
17.3.1 Systems Engineering Management Activities 149
17.4 Systems Engineering Management Enablers 152
17.5 Discussion 154
17.6 Conclusion 155
References 155
18 A Lean Design Management Process Based on Planning the Level of Detail in BIM-Based Design 157
Abstract 157
18.1 Introduction 157
18.2 Background 158
18.2.1 Lean Design Management 158
18.2.2 Level of Detail in BIM-Based Design 158
18.3 Method 159
18.4 Current Design Management Processes and Challenges in Finland 159
18.5 LDM Overall Process 159
18.6 Conclusion 161
References 162
Cyber-Human-Systems 163
19 The BIMbot: A Cognitive Assistant in the BIM Room 164
Abstract 164
19.1 Introduction 164
19.2 Related Work 166
19.3 Methodology 166
19.3.1 Pre-design Phase 166
19.3.1.1 Conflicts/Interferences at the Pre-design Phase 167
19.3.2 Cognitive Agent—BIMBot’s Architecture 167
19.3.2.1 Corpus 167
19.3.2.2 Neural Machine Translation - Generative Model 168
19.3.2.3 Rules-Based Model 170
19.3.2.4 Natural Language Processing(NLP) Engine 170
19.4 Implementation and Experimentation 170
19.4.1 Training 170
19.4.2 Inferences (Results) 171
19.5 Conclusion and Future Work 172
References 172
20 Perceived Productivity Effects of Mobile ICT in Construction Projects 173
Abstract 173
20.1 Introduction 173
20.2 Literature Review 174
20.3 Research Methodology 174
20.4 Results and Discussions 176
20.4.1 Improved Communication and Information Flow 176
20.4.2 Better Project Execution 177
20.4.3 Improved Access to Data 177
20.4.4 Proper Defect Management 177
20.5 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 179
References 179
21 Mobile EEG-Based Workers’ Stress Recognition by Applying Deep Neural Network 181
Abstract 181
21.1 Introduction 181
21.2 EEG-Based Stress Recognition by Applying Deep Learning 182
21.2.1 EEG Signal Pre-processing: Artifacts Removal 183
21.2.2 Fully Connected Deep Neural Network 183
21.2.3 Deep Convolutional Neural Network 183
21.3 Experimental Setting 184
21.4 Results and Findings 185
21.5 Conclusion 187
Acknowledgements 187
References 187
22 Feasibility of Wearable Electromyography (EMG) to Assess Construction Workers’ Muscle Fatigue 189
Abstract 189
22.1 Introduction 189
22.2 Surface EMG to Measure Workers’ Muscle Fatigue 190
22.2.1 Artifacts Removal 190
22.2.2 EMG-Based Metrics 191
22.3 Experimental Setting 192
22.4 Results and Findings 194
22.5 Conclusion 194
Acknowledgements 194
References 194
23 Tacit Knowledge: How Can We Capture It? 196
Abstract 196
23.1 Introduction 196
23.2 The Process of Knowledge Transfer 197
23.2.1 Explicit Knowledge and Tacit Knowledge 197
23.2.2 Knowledge Transfer 198
23.2.3 The Construction Industry in Australia 198
23.2.4 How Tacit Knowledge Can Be Transferred 199
23.3 Research Method 200
23.4 Research Findings and Discussion 200
23.5 Conclusions 202
References 202
24 Inside the Collective Mind: Features Extraction to Support Automated Design Space Explorations 205
Abstract 205
24.1 Introduction 205
24.2 Human-Computer Interaction Through Natural Language 206
24.3 Research Method 207
24.4 Design Conversation Analysis: Results and Discussions 208
24.4.1 Quantitative Analysis 208
24.4.2 Qualitative Analysis 209
24.5 Conclusions 210
References 211
25 Detecting Falls-from-Height with Wearable Sensors and Reducing Consequences of Occupational Fall Accidents Leveraging IoT 212
Abstract 212
25.1 Introduction 212
25.2 Objective and Scope 213
25.3 Background Review 213
25.3.1 Technology 213
25.3.2 Safety Related Technology Based Studies in Construction 214
25.4 Detection of Occupational Falls 215
25.4.1 Proposed System 215
25.4.2 Implementation of the System 217
25.4.3 Test Results 217
25.5 Conclusions 218
References 219
26 Using Augmented Reality to Facilitate Construction Site Activities 220
Abstract 220
26.1 Introduction 220
26.2 Augmented Reality in Construction 221
26.3 Method 221
26.4 System Development 222
26.5 Conclusions 225
Acknowledgements 225
References 225
27 Semantic Frame-Based Information Extraction from Utility Regulatory Documents to Support Compliance Checking 227
Abstract 227
27.1 Introduction 227
27.2 Methodology 228
27.2.1 Semantic Framework and Semantic Frames 228
27.2.2 Preprocessing 229
27.2.3 Syntactic Analysis 230
27.2.4 Semantic Analysis 231
27.2.5 Information Element Mapping 233
27.3 Conclusion 233
References 234
28 Ontology-Based Semantic Retrieval Method of Energy Consumption Management 235
Abstract 235
28.1 Introduction 235
28.2 Existing Researches 236
28.3 An Integrated BIM System to Query Sensor Data Based on Ontological Knowledge 237
28.3.1 Building Energy Management Specific Ontology Development 238
28.3.2 The Integration of BIM and Monitoring Data 239
28.3.3 SWRL Generation for Energy Analysis 239
28.4 Energy Analysis Through Ontology Query 240
28.5 Conclusions 240
Acknowledgements 241
References 241
29 Visualisation of Risk Information in BIM to Support Risk Mitigation and Communication: Case Studies 243
Abstract 243
29.1 Introduction 243
29.2 Literature Review 244
29.2.1 BIM-Based Risk Management Research 244
29.2.2 Highlighting Risks in 3D BIM 244
29.2.3 Promoting Risk Visualisation in 4D BIM 245
29.3 Method and Case Studies 245
29.3.1 The Proposed Linkage Approach 245
29.3.2 Case Study 1: Managing Risks in 3D Highway BIM 245
29.3.3 Case Study 2: Visualising Risks in 4D Steel Bridge BIM 247
29.4 Discussion and Conclusion 248
Acknowledgements 248
References 249
30 Team Interactions in Digitally-Mediated Design Meetings 251
Abstract 251
30.1 Introduction 251
30.2 Background 252
30.2.1 Team Interaction 252
30.2.2 Mediated Team Interactions in AEC 253
30.3 Methodology 253
30.3.1 Research Design 253
30.3.2 Results 254
30.3.3 Conclusion 257
References 257
31 User Perceptions of and Needs for Smart Home Technology in South Africa 259
Abstract 259
31.1 Introduction 259
31.2 Background 260
31.2.1 Energy Consumption Monitoring 260
31.2.2 Energy Consumption Awareness 260
31.2.3 Energy Inefficiencies in Current Homes 261
31.2.4 Knowledge as a Barrier for Better Home Management Through Technology 261
31.2.5 Energy Savings from Smart Home Technology 262
31.2.6 Privacy and Security Concerns Relating to Smart Homes 262
31.3 Methodology 262
31.4 Findings 262
31.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 265
31.5.1 Conclusions 265
31.5.2 Recommendations 265
References 266
32 Seamless Integration of Multi-touch Table and Immersive VR for Collaborative Design 267
Abstract 267
32.1 Introduction 267
32.1.1 Related Work 268
32.2 The System 270
32.2.1 Multi-touch Table and Big Screen Display 270
32.2.2 VR-System 270
32.3 The Study 271
32.3.1 Method 271
32.4 Result and Discussion 271
32.4.1 Support Better Understanding and Communication 272
32.4.2 Support Better Creativity, Collaboration and Participation 272
32.4.3 Support for Different Design Spaces 272
32.5 Conclusions 273
References 274
33 Development and Usability Testing of a Panoramic Augmented Reality Environment for Fall Hazard Safety Training 275
Abstract 275
33.1 Introduction 275
33.2 Methodology 276
33.2.1 Panoramic Augmented Reality Platform Development 276
33.2.2 Fall Hazards Augmentations 278
33.2.3 Usability Testing 278
33.3 Results and Discussion 279
33.3.1 Participants 279
33.3.2 Hazard Identification Index 280
33.3.3 Platform Usability 280
33.3.4 Lessons Learned 282
33.4 Conclusion and Further Work 282
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
34 The Negative Effects of Mobile ICT on Productivity in Indian Construction Projects 284
Abstract 284
34.1 Introduction 284
34.2 Literature Review 285
34.3 Research Methodology 285
34.4 Results and Discussions 287
34.4.1 Pressure to Remain Accessible Outside the Work Hours 287
34.4.2 Temptation to Check It Frequently 287
34.4.3 Adverse Effects on Work-Life Balance 287
34.4.4 Compulsion to Work Outside the Normal Work Hours 288
34.4.5 Massive Amount of Information 288
34.4.6 Distraction 288
34.4.7 Less Time to Respond to Changes 288
34.4.8 Loss of Productive Time due to Personal Internet Usage 288
34.4.9 Adverse Effects on Health of the Users 288
34.4.10 Frequent Drawing Changes 289
34.5 Conclusion 289
Acknowledgements 289
References 289
35 Augmented Reality Combined with Location-Based Management System to Improve the Construction Process, Quality Control and Information Flow 291
Abstract 291
35.1 Introduction 291
35.2 Background 292
35.3 Proposed Solution 292
35.3.1 Concept of the AR4Construction Application 293
35.3.2 AR4Construction: System Architecture 293
35.3.3 Integration of BIM and Scheduling Data in AR4C 294
35.3.4 AR4C Functionalities 295
35.3.5 Testing and Validation 296
35.4 Conclusion 297
Acknowledgements 297
References 298
36 Workflow in Virtual Reality Tool Development for AEC Industry 299
Abstract 299
36.1 Introduction 299
36.2 Background 300
36.2.1 Organizational Structure in Developing Virtual Reality Content 300
36.2.2 Asset Creation and Optimization in Virtual Reality 300
36.2.3 Assets Optimization for Virtual Reality 301
36.2.4 Related Studies 302
36.3 Research Methodology 303
36.3.1 Study Population 304
36.3.2 Interview Questions 304
36.4 Interview Results 304
36.4.1 Organizational Structures in Content Development 304
36.4.2 Technical Aspects 305
36.4.3 Optimization Approach Taken by AEC Firms 306
36.4.4 Challenges in Assets Conversion 306
36.5 The Workflow 307
36.6 Conclusion and Suggestions 308
References 308
37 Implementation of Augmented Reality Throughout the Lifecycle of Construction Projects 309
Abstract 309
37.1 Introduction 309
37.2 Augmented Reality 310
37.2.1 Defining Augmented Reality 310
37.2.2 AR Systems and Enabling Technologies 310
37.3 Review Methodology 311
37.4 Augmented Reality Applications in the Project Lifecycle 311
37.4.1 AR and Conceptual Planning 311
37.4.2 AR and Design and Preconstruction 312
37.4.3 AR and Construction 312
37.4.4 AR and Operation and Maintenance 312
37.5 Benefits of AR Implementation 313
37.6 Challenges to AR Implementation 313
37.7 Conclusions 313
37.8 Recommendations for Future Study 314
References 314
38 Challenges Around Integrating Collaborative Immersive Technologies into a Large Infrastructure Engineering Project 316
Abstract 316
38.1 Introduction 316
38.1.1 Organizational Context for Innovation 317
38.1.2 Collaborative Virtual Reality in Construction Practice 317
38.1.3 Technology Frames as a Theoretical Lens 318
38.2 Methods 318
38.3 Findings 319
38.3.1 Nature of Technology 319
38.3.2 Technology Strategy 319
38.3.3 Technology in Use 320
38.4 Discussion and Conclusions 321
Acknowledgements 321
References 321
Computer Support in Design and Construction 323
39 Cybersecurity Management Framework for a Cloud-Based BIM Model 324
Abstract 324
39.1 Introduction 325
39.2 Related Studies 325
39.2.1 Building Information Modelling (BIM) Outline 325
39.2.2 Overview of Cloud Computing 326
39.2.2.1 Various Types of Cloud Models 326
39.3 Cloud-Based BIM Framework Development 326
39.4 Prototype Implementation 327
39.4.1 Security Challenges in Cloud Computing 327
39.4.2 Cloud-BIM Framework Architecture 327
39.5 Experimentation 329
39.6 Conclusion 331
References 332
40 A System for Early Detection of Maintainability Issues Using BIM 333
Abstract 333
40.1 Introduction 333
40.1.1 Research Problem 334
40.1.2 Research Objective 334
40.2 Background 334
40.2.1 Physical Design Characteristics Related to Maintainability 334
40.2.2 Fragmented Structure of Building Design 335
40.2.3 Understanding the Cost Effect of Maintainability Issues 336
40.2.4 Implementation of Maintainability in the Design Phase 336
40.3 Proposed System 336
40.4 Conclusion 338
References 338
41 Towards Automated Analysis of Ambiguity in Modular Construction Contract Documents (A Qualitative & Quantitative Study)
Abstract 340
41.1 Introduction 340
41.2 Methodology 341
41.3 Results 344
41.4 Conclusion 346
References 347
42 Adopting Parametric Construction Analysis in Integrated Design Teams 348
Abstract 348
42.1 Introduction 348
42.1.1 Motivations for Integrated Design Studio Program 349
42.1.2 Definition of Parametric Design Approach 349
42.1.3 Selected Building Design Project’s Background 350
42.2 Methodology 350
42.2.1 Structure of the Integrated Design Team 350
42.2.2 Standard Workflow for the Integrated Studio Program 350
42.2.3 Project Evaluation Framework 351
42.3 Provided Tools and Methods 352
42.3.1 Architectural Analysis 352
42.3.2 Construction Analysis 353
42.3.3 Data Visualization 353
42.4 Conclusion 354
References 355
43 Integrating BIM, Optimization and a Multi-criteria Decision-Making Method in Building Design Process 356
Abstract 356
43.1 Introduction 356
43.2 Methodology 357
43.2.1 BIM 357
43.2.2 Preparing the BIM Model for Performing an Optimization 358
43.2.3 Optimization and MCDM 358
43.3 Results 361
43.4 Conclusions 363
Acknowledgements 363
Appendix 1 364
Appendix 2 365
References 366
44 A BIM-Based Decision Support System for Building Maintenance 367
Abstract 367
44.1 Introduction 367
44.2 Background of the Research 368
44.2.1 Decision Support Systems for Management of Buildings 368
44.2.2 Facility Condition Index 368
44.3 Research Methodology 369
44.4 DSS Development 370
44.5 Application of the DSS 371
44.6 Discussion and Conclusions 372
References 374
45 Structural Behavior Analysis and Optimization, Integrating MATLAB with Autodesk Robot 375
Abstract 375
45.1 Introduction 375
45.2 Methodology 376
45.2.1 Methodology Overview 376
45.2.2 Integration Between Robot API and MATLAB 378
45.3 Case Study 380
45.4 Conclusion 382
References 382
46 An Assessment of BIM-CAREM Against the Selected BIM Capability Assessment Models 383
Abstract 383
46.1 Introduction 383
46.2 BIM Capability and Maturity Assessment Models 384
46.2.1 Bim-Carem 384
46.2.2 Assessment Models Used in the Comparison 385
46.2.3 Comparison of the Models 386
46.3 Evaluation Using Case Study Data 388
46.4 Conclusions 390
References 391
47 Towards a BIM-Agile Method in Architectural Design Assessment of a Pedagogical Experiment 392
Abstract 392
47.1 Introduction 392
47.2 A Sector in Transition Without Changes in Management 393
47.2.1 France at the Heart of Digital Change 393
47.2.2 Emerging Project Management Practices 393
47.3 BIM Technology Needs Agile Practices 393
47.3.1 BIM Technology Brings Complexity 394
47.3.2 A Need for Elicitation, Refinement and Evaluation 394
47.3.3 Agility as a Coordination Vector 394
47.4 Agile Practices Identification and Adaptation 394
47.4.1 Design Matrix: Writing Down Intentions 394
47.4.2 Micro Poker: Put Everybody on the Same Page 395
47.4.3 Stand-up Meeting: Taking Stock 396
47.4.4 A BIM-Agile Coach to Oversee the Workshop 396
47.5 The Four Practices in Experimentation 397
47.5.1 Design and Digital Manufacturing Workshop 397
47.5.2 A Protocol for One Semester 397
47.5.3 Observations During the Workshop 398
47.5.4 The Survey Results 398
47.6 Conclusion and Opening on Professional Experiments 398
References 399
48 A Generalized Adaptive Framework for Automating Design Review Process: Technical Principles 400
Abstract 400
48.1 Introduction 400
48.2 Statement of Contribution 401
48.3 Goals and Objectives 401
48.4 Methodology 401
48.4.1 Theoretical Framework 401
48.4.2 Transformation Reasoning Algorithm (TRA) 403
48.5 Conclusions 408
References 408
49 An Integrated Simulation-Based Methodology for Considering Weather Effects on Formwork Removal Times 410
Abstract 410
49.1 Introduction 410
49.2 Research Approach 411
49.3 Concrete Curing and Formwork Removal 411
49.3.1 Concrete Wall Construction 411
49.3.2 Concrete Curing 411
49.3.3 Measures to Shield Concrete Curing Against Cold Weather 412
49.3.4 Simulation of Formwork Removal Times 412
49.4 Discrete-Event Simulation Model 412
49.5 Simulation Experiments 413
49.5.1 Construction Project, Curing Strategies and Weather Statistics 413
49.5.2 Design of Experiments 415
49.5.3 Results 415
49.6 Discussion 417
References 417
50 Exploring Future Stakeholder Feedback on Performance-Based Design Across the Virtuality Continuum 418
Abstract 418
50.1 Introduction 418
50.2 Visualization Across the Virtuality Continuum 419
50.3 Methods 420
50.3.1 Kendeda Building for Innovative and Sustainable Design at Georgia Tech 420
50.3.2 Research Design and Hypotheses 420
50.4 Results 421
50.5 Discussion 423
50.6 Conclusion 423
References 423
51 A BIM Based Simulation Framework for Fire Evacuation Planning 425
Abstract 425
51.1 Introduction 425
51.1.1 Background and Motivation 425
51.2 Literature Review 426
51.2.1 Simulation Technologies 426
51.2.2 Critical Factors Affecting the Evacuation Time 426
51.2.3 Related Works on Fire Evacuation Design 427
51.3 Research Methodology and Implementation 427
51.3.1 Fire Simulation Design 428
51.3.2 Evacuation Simulation Design 428
51.4 Preliminary Results 429
51.4.1 Simulation Results 429
51.4.2 Application of Simulation Results 430
51.5 Conclusions and Future Work 431
References 431
52 Where Do We Look? An Eye-Tracking Study of Architectural Features in Building Design 433
Abstract 433
52.1 Introduction 433
52.2 Background 434
52.2.1 Eye-Tracking Applications 434
52.2.2 Eye-Tracking Metrics 435
52.3 Method 435
52.4 Result and Discussion 436
52.5 Conclusion and Future Work 439
References 439
53 Developing a Framework of a Multi-objective and Multi-criteria Based Approach for Integration of LCA-LCC and Dynamic Analysis in Industrialized Multi-storey Timber Construction 441
Abstract 441
53.1 Introduction 441
53.2 Background 442
53.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing 442
53.2.2 Dynamic Analysis of Timber Floor System 442
53.2.3 Analytical Network Process 442
53.3 Developing a Multi-objective and Multi-criteria Based Integrated Framework of LCA-LCC for Industrialized Timber Structures 443
53.3.1 Structural Design and Finite Element Models 443
53.3.1.1 Model 1 443
53.3.1.2 Model 2 443
53.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment 444
53.3.2.1 Definition of Goal and Scope 444
53.3.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 444
53.3.2.3 ANP Model for LCC in Industrialized Timber Construction 444
53.3.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 445
53.3.2.5 Economic Impact Assessment 445
53.4 Discussion 446
53.5 Conclusions 447
Acknowledgements 447
References 447
54 Collective Decision-Making with 4D BIM: Collaboration Group Persona Study 449
Abstract 449
54.1 Introduction 449
54.2 4D Collective Decision-Making Support Development Steps 450
54.2.1 4D Collab Project Research Stages 450
54.2.2 Digital Interactive Interfaces for 4D BIM Collaborative Context 450
54.3 AEC Project Collaboration, Decision-Making and 4D BIM Uses 451
54.3.1 AEC Project Collaboration 451
54.3.2 AEC Project Decision-Making 451
54.3.3 AEC Project Lifecycle and 4D BIM Uses 451
54.4 Designing a Collective Decision-Making Support for 4D BIM 452
54.4.1 AEC Project Collaboration Groups and Decision-Making 452
54.4.2 4D BIM Uses AEC Project Collaboration Groups 454
54.4.3 Collaboration Personas Approach 454
54.4.4 Design Methodology of Collaboration Personae Proposition 454
54.4.5 4D BIM Uses and Collaboration Persona Study 455
54.5 Conclusion 455
Acknowledgements 456
References 456
55 Post-occupancy Evaluation Parameters in Multi-objective Optimization–Based Design Process 457
Abstract 457
55.1 Post-occupancy Evaluation Research 457
55.1.1 Definition and State of the Art 457
55.1.2 Benefits of POE 458
55.1.3 POE and Digitalization 458
55.2 Parametric Modelling Design Approach 459
55.3 Research Objective, Hypothesis and Research Methodology 459
55.3.1 Research Objectives 459
55.3.2 Hypothesis 460
55.3.3 Research Methodology 460
55.4 Proposed Conceptual Framework 460
55.4.1 A Conceptual Framework for Including the POE into a Parametric Approach 460
55.4.2 Application to POE-Based Floorplan Layout Design 461
55.4.3 First Prototype Implementing the Approach 461
55.4.4 Second Prototype 462
55.5 Validation 462
55.6 Discussion and Conclusion 463
Acknowledgements 463
References 464
56 Social Paradigms in Contemporary Airport Design 465
Abstract 465
56.1 Background 465
56.1.1 Capacity Challenge 466
56.1.2 Service Quality Challenge 466
56.1.3 The Role of the Architect as a Social Mediator in Design 466
56.2 State of the Art of Aviation Industry Design 467
56.2.1 Lean in Project Design Management 467
56.3 The Role of Virtual Design and Construction Technologies 467
56.4 Methodology 468
56.4.1 Development of the Innovative Methodology Model 469
56.5 Conclusions 470
References 470
57 A Method for Facilitating 4D Modeling by Automating Task Information Generation and Mapping 472
Abstract 472
57.1 Introduction and Background 472
57.2 Methodology 473
57.2.1 4D Modeling Process 473
57.2.2 A Method for Facilitating 4D Modeling Process 474
57.3 Test Case: 4D Modeling with Autodesk Office Building Example 476
57.4 Discussion and Conclusion 478
References 479
Intelligent Autonomous Systems 480
58 An Autonomous Thermal Scanning System with Which to Obtain 3D Thermal Models of Buildings 481
Abstract 481
58.1 Introduction: A Brief State of the Art 481
58.2 An Overview of the Autonomous Thermal Scanner System 482
58.3 Obtaining a 360-Thermal Point Cloud 483
58.3.1 Obtaining a Single 3D Thermal Shot 483
58.3.2 360-Thermal Point Cloud from a Position of the Robot 484
58.4 Autonomous Thermal Scanning 484
58.4.1 3D Data Processing to Find the Next Thermal Scan 484
58.4.2 Robot Navigation and Integrated 3D Thermal Model 485
58.5 Experimental Test 487
58.6 Conclusions 488
Acknowledgements 488
References 488
59 Productivity Improvement in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Mechanization in Singapore 489
Abstract 489
59.1 Introduction 489
59.2 Background 490
59.2.1 Mechanization to Improve Productivity 490
59.2.2 Singapore Initiatives 490
59.3 Methodology 491
59.4 Data Analysis and Results 492
59.5 Discussion and Recommendations 493
59.6 Conclusions 494
References 494
60 Automated Building Information Models Reconstruction Using 2D Mechanical Drawings 496
Abstract 496
60.1 Introduction 496
60.2 Method 497
60.2.1 Background Research 497
60.2.2 Challenges 498
60.2.3 Available Information by Mechanical Components 498
60.2.4 Relationship Between Symbols and the Surrounding Parts 499
60.2.5 Rules for Reasoning the Relationship 500
60.3 Results 500
60.3.1 Vision of the Framework 500
60.3.2 Prototype Implementation 500
60.4 Conclusion 502
References 502
61 Architectural Symmetry Detection from 3D Urban Point Clouds: A Derivative-Free Optimization (DFO) Approach 504
Abstract 504
61.1 Introduction 504
61.2 Background 505
61.2.1 Symmetry 505
61.2.2 Symmetry Detection Methods 506
61.3 Methodology 506
61.4 Experimental Results on a Pilot Case 507
61.5 Conclusion 509
Acknowledgements 509
References 510
62 Sequential Pattern Analyses of Damages on Bridge Elements for Preventive Maintenance 511
Abstract 511
62.1 Introduction 511
62.2 Research Methodology 512
62.2.1 Data Collection 512
62.2.2 Data Preprocessing 513
62.2.3 Cluster Analysis 513
62.2.4 Sequential Pattern Mining 514
62.3 Preliminary Test 515
62.4 Conclusions 516
Acknowledgements 516
References 516
63 Sound Event Recognition-Based Classification Model for Automated Emergency Detection in Indoor Environment 518
Abstract 518
63.1 Introduction 518
63.2 Preliminary Study 519
63.2.1 Sound Types of Indoor Emergencies 519
63.2.2 Sound Event Recognition 519
63.3 Research Framework 520
63.3.1 Preprocessing 520
63.3.2 Feature Extraction 520
63.3.3 Model Development 521
63.3.4 Evaluation 521
63.4 Experiment and Result 521
63.4.1 Data Collection 521
63.4.2 Experiment Setup 522
63.4.3 Results and Discussions 522
63.5 Conclusions 523
Acknowledgements 523
References 523
64 Improved Window Detection in Facade Images 525
Abstract 525
64.1 Introduction 525
64.2 Background 526
64.3 Methodology 527
64.4 Experiments 529
64.4.1 Dataset 529
64.4.2 Results 530
64.4.3 Discussion 530
64.5 Conclusion 530
References 531
65 Path Planning of LiDAR-Equipped UAV for Bridge Inspection Considering Potential Locations of Defects 532
Abstract 532
65.1 Introduction 532
65.2 Literature Review 533
65.3 Proposed Method 534
65.4 Case Study 537
65.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539
References 539
66 Automatic Annotation of Web Images for Domain-Specific Crack Classification 540
Abstract 540
66.1 Introduction 540
66.2 Related Work 541
66.2.1 Crack Detection and Classification 541
66.2.2 Crack Types 542
66.2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 542
66.2.4 Web Image Retrieval and Existing Datasets 542
66.3 Methodology 542
66.3.1 Class Image Retrieval 542
66.3.2 Weak Convolution Neural Network Classification 543
66.3.3 Image Retrieval and Annotation: Creating the Pseudo Training Data 543
66.3.4 Evaluation 544
66.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 544
66.4.1 Classifier Training 544
66.4.2 Classifier Evaluation 545
66.4.3 Performance Results 545
66.4.4 Error Analysis 545
66.5 Conclusions and Future Work 546
References 546
67 A Machine Learning Approach for Compliance Checking-Specific Semantic Role Labeling of Building Code Sentences 548
Abstract 548
67.1 Introduction 548
67.2 Background 549
67.2.1 Semantic Role Labeling 549
67.2.2 Supervised Learning-Based Sequence Labeling 549
67.2.3 Parsing 550
67.3 Semantic Role Labeling in Automated Compliance Checking 550
67.4 Proposed Machine Learning Approach for Semantic Role Labeling of Building Code Sentences 550
67.4.1 Data Preparation and Preprocessing 551
67.4.2 Training Data Adaptation 551
67.4.3 Feature Preparation 551
67.4.4 CRF Semantic Role Labeler Training 552
67.4.5 Labeling Using CRF and Evaluation 552
67.5 Preliminary Experimental Results and Discussion 553
67.5.1 Model Training 553
67.5.2 Experimental Results 553
67.5.3 Error Analysis 554
67.6 Conclusion 554
References 555
68 Requirement Text Detection from Contract Packages to Support Project Definition Determination 556
Abstract 556
68.1 Introduction 556
68.2 Project Scope Definition Determination 557
68.3 Related Studies and Gap of Knowledge 558
68.3.1 Natural Language Processing in AEC/F Industry 558
68.3.2 Previous Studies and Research Gap 558
68.4 Proposed NLP-Based Method for Scope Definition 559
68.5 Requirement Text Detection 560
68.5.1 Methodology 560
68.5.2 Data Collection and Preparation 561
68.5.3 Results and Discussions 561
68.6 Conclusions 562
References 562
69 In Search of Open and Practical Language-Driven BIM-Based Automated Rule Checking Systems 564
Abstract 564
69.1 Introduction 564
69.2 Review of Language-Based Rule Checking System (RCS) 565
69.3 The Eleven-Criteria Metrics Assessment 566
69.4 Conclusions 570
References 571
70 Image-Based Localization for Facilitating Construction Field Reporting on Mobile Devices 572
Abstract 572
70.1 Introduction 572
70.2 Background 573
70.3 Related Work 573
70.4 Problem Statement and Objective 574
70.5 Implementation and System Description 574
70.5.1 ORBSLAM-Based Localization System 574
70.5.2 Improved Mapping and Localization System 574
70.6 Case Study 575
70.6.1 Data Collection 575
70.6.2 Ground Truth 575
70.6.3 Data Testing 575
70.6.4 Experimental Results and Accuracy Evaluation 576
70.6.5 System Efficiency 578
70.7 Conclusion and Future Work 578
References 579
71 Towards an Automated Asphalt Paving Construction Inspection Operation 580
Abstract 580
71.1 Introduction 580
71.2 Background 581
71.3 Framework 581
71.3.1 Potential Technologies 581
71.3.2 E-ticketing 581
71.3.3 Paver Mounted Thermal Profiler 582
71.3.4 Intelligent Compaction 583
71.4 Results of Previous Studies 584
71.4.1 Technology 1—E-ticketing 584
71.4.2 Technology 2—Paver Mounted Thermal Profiler 585
71.4.3 Technology 3—Intelligent Compaction 585
71.5 Model Framework 586
71.6 Limitations 586
71.7 Future Work 587
71.8 Conclusions 587
Acknowledgements/Disclaimer 587
References 587
72 Computer Vision and Deep Learning for Real-Time Pavement Distress Detection 588
Abstract 588
72.1 Introduction 588
72.2 Related Work 589
72.3 Research Questions and Objectives 589
72.4 Methodology 589
72.5 Implementation 591
72.5.1 Rough Detection 591
72.5.2 Fine Detection 592
72.5.3 Georeferencing and Location Clustering 592
72.6 Case Studies 592
72.6.1 Validation 592
72.6.2 Performance Evaluation 593
72.7 Summary and Outlook 593
References 594
73 A Flight Simulator for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flights Over Construction Job Sites 595
Abstract 595
73.1 Introduction 595
73.2 Proximity and Collision Avoidance in Construction Safety 596
73.2.1 Spatial Safety of UAV in Construction Environment 597
73.3 Principles of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Simulator 597
73.3.1 Considerations for UAV Simulation 598
73.3.2 Software Simulation Tools 598
73.3.3 Drone Movement 598
73.4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Simulator 599
73.5 Discussion and Conclusion 601
References 601
74 Bridge Inspection Using Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) and Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) 603
Abstract 603
74.1 Introduction 603
74.2 Background 604
74.2.1 Current Bridge Inspection Practice and Problems Identified 604
74.2.2 Technology Used in Data Acquisition and Processing for Inspection 604
74.2.3 Technology Used in Data Management for Inspection 605
74.3 Research Methodology 605
74.4 Data Collection and Preliminary Results 606
74.4.1 UAS Data Collection 607
74.4.2 Preliminary Results 607
74.5 Conclusions and Future Work 609
References 610
Cyber-Physical-Systems 611
75 Comparison Between Current Methods of Indoor Network Analysis for Emergency Response Through BIM/CAD-GIS Integration 612
Abstract 612
75.1 Introduction 612
75.2 Literature Review 613
75.2.1 Application of BIM in Network Analysis and Navigation 613
75.2.2 Application of GIS in Network Analysis and Navigation 614
75.2.3 Application of BIM/CAD-GIS Integration in Network Analysis and Navigation 614
75.3 Methodology 615
75.4 Workflow 615
75.4.1 Geodatabase Creation from CAD Data 616
75.4.2 Indoor Network 616
75.5 Model Testing and Results 617
75.6 Conclusion 619
References 619
76 Instrumentation and Data Collection Methodology to Enhance Productivity in Construction Sites Using Embedded Systems and IoT Technologies 621
Abstract 621
76.1 Introduction 621
76.2 Methodology 622
76.2.1 System Evaluation Procedures 623
76.3 Results and Discussion 624
76.3.1 Test Results 624
76.3.2 System Performance 625
76.3.3 System Adoption and Implementation 625
76.3.4 Productivity Measurements Analysis 625
76.4 Conclusions 627
References 628
77 A Cyber-Physical Middleware Platform for Buildings in Smart Cities 629
Abstract 629
77.1 Introduction 629
77.2 Background and Related Work 631
77.3 Development of the Cyber-Physical Middleware 631
77.4 Analysis and Discussion 632
77.4.1 Case Study of 3for2 Office Building 632
77.4.2 Middleware as Smart Building Sensing Service in Cities 634
77.5 Conclusion, Limitation and Future Work 635
Acknowledgements 635
References 636
78 A Framework for CPS-Based Real-Time Mobile Crane Operations 637
Abstract 637
78.1 Introduction 637
78.2 Background and Motivation 638
78.3 Bi-directional Coordination in Active Monitoring and Control of Mobile Crane Operations 638
78.3.1 Mobile Crane Motion Data Capture 639
78.3.2 Site Information Acquisition 639
78.3.3 Mobile Devices for Displaying Control Feedbacks 639
78.3.4 Communication Network 639
78.4 System Architecture for Real-Time Mobile Crane Operations 639
78.4.1 Object Layer 640
78.4.2 Sensing Layer 640
78.4.3 Communication Layer 641
78.4.4 Analysis Layer 641
78.4.5 Actuation Layer 642
78.5 Conclusions 642
Acknowledgements 644
References 644
79 Drive Towards Real-Time Reasoning of Building Performance: Development of a Live, Cloud-Based System 645
Abstract 645
79.1 Introduction 645
79.2 Literature Review 646
79.3 The Live Platform 647
79.3.1 Sensor Network 648
79.4 Mobile App 649
79.4.1 POE Design Principles 649
79.4.2 Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) Design Principles 649
79.4.3 App Development 649
79.5 Testing and Initial Data Collection 650
79.6 Conclusions 651
References 651
80 Bayesian Network Modeling of Airport Runway Incursion Occurring Processes for Predictive Accident Control 653
Abstract 653
80.1 Introduction 653
80.2 Background Studies 654
80.3 Methodology for Predicting Runway Incursions Using Bayesian Network (BN) Modeling 654
80.3.1 Data Collection 655
80.3.2 Process and Communication Modeling 657
80.3.3 Bayesian Network (BN) Modeling 658
80.4 Major Findings 658
80.4.1 The Probabilistic Relationship Between Selected Contextual Factors and Communication Errors 659
80.4.2 The Probabilistic Relationship Between Communication Errors and RIs 659
80.5 Conclusion and Future Work 659
Acknowledgements 660
References 660
81 A Low-Cost System for Monitoring Tower Crane Productivity Cycles Combining Inertial Measurement Units, Load Cells and Lora Networks 661
Abstract 661
81.1 Introduction 662
81.2 Methodology 662
81.2.1 System Technical Description 662
81.2.2 System Calibration 663
81.2.2.1 Calibration of the Sensors at the Laboratory 663
81.2.2.2 Field Tests 664
81.3 Results and Discussion 664
81.3.1 Calibration and Testing 665
81.3.1.1 Sensors Calibration in Laboratory 665
81.3.1.2 Field Tests 666
81.3.2 Comparison with Other Systems 667
81.4 Conclusions 668
References 668
82 The Interface Layer of a BIM-IoT Prototype for Energy Consumption Monitoring 669
Abstract 669
82.1 Introduction 669
82.2 Related Work 670
82.3 Methodology 671
82.4 Prototype System 671
82.4.1 BIM Record Model and Feedback Strategy 672
82.4.2 Actual Information Input in the BIM Record Model 673
82.4.3 Implementing the BIM-IoT Prototype to Pilot Instantiation 673
82.4.4 Evaluating the BIM-IoT Prototype 675
82.5 Conclusion 676
References 676
83 Predicting Energy Consumption of Office Buildings: A Hybrid Machine Learning-Based Approach 678
Abstract 678
83.1 Introduction 678
83.2 Background 679
83.3 Methodology 679
83.3.1 Weather-Related Factor Prediction Model Development 680
83.3.2 Occupant Behavior-Related Factor Prediction Model Development 680
83.3.3 Ensembler Model Development 681
83.3.4 Performance Evaluation 681
83.4 Preliminary Results and Discussion 681
83.4.1 Weather-Related Factor Prediction 681
83.4.2 Occupant Behavior-Related Factor Prediction 681
83.4.3 Ensembler Model Prediction 682
83.5 Conclusion 682
Acknowledgements 683
References 683
Computing and Innovations for Design Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure 684
84 Thermal Performance Assessment of Curtain Walls of Fully Operational Buildings Using Infrared Thermography and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 685
Abstract 685
84.1 Introduction 685
84.2 Related Work 686
84.3 Methodology 687
84.3.1 Formulation 687
84.3.2 Modelling 688
84.3.3 Survey and Data Management 689
84.3.4 Discussion 689
84.4 Case Example 690
84.5 Conclusion 691
References 691
85 BIM and Lean-Business Process Reengineering for Energy Management Optimization of Existing Building Stock 692
Abstract 692
85.1 Introduction 692
85.2 Related Work 693
85.3 Methodology 693
85.3.1 BIM Energy Analysis 693
85.3.2 Lean Business Process Reengineering for Energy Efficiency 694
85.3.3 Building Information Model and Business Process Model Alignment 694
85.4 Case Study 695
85.4.1 Building Requirements 695
85.5 Framework Application 695
85.6 Setting Up Future Research 698
85.7 Conclusions 698
References 699
86 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Based Visual Analytics Framework for Highway Project Performance Evaluation 700
Abstract 700
86.1 Introduction 700
86.2 Background 701
86.2.1 Web Data Extraction Techniques 701
86.2.2 Natural Language Processing 701
86.2.3 Geographic Information System and Spatial Interpolation Methods 702
86.3 GIS-Based Visual Analytics Framework for Highway Project Performance Evaluation 702
86.4 Conclusion 703
References 704
87 Usage of Interface Management in Adaptive Reuse of Buildings 706
Abstract 706
87.1 Introduction 706
87.2 Background 707
87.2.1 The Role of Adaptive Reuse in a Circular Economy 707
87.2.2 The Concept of Interface Management 707
87.3 Research Methodology 708
87.4 Barriers in Adaptive Reuse Projects 708
87.5 Common Interface Problems in Construction Projects 708
87.6 Case Study 709
87.6.1 Physical Interfaces 710
87.6.2 Contractual and Organizational Interfaces 711
87.7 Conclusion 711
References 711
88 Semantic Enrichment of As-is BIMs for Building Energy Simulation 713
Abstract 713
88.1 Introduction 713
88.2 Semantic Requirements 714
88.3 Semantic Enrichment Approach 716
88.3.1 Enrichment of Semantics Required by Second-Level SBs 716
88.3.2 Enrichment of Semantics Required by IFC Specifications 718
88.3.3 Enriched IFC Model Generation 718
88.4 Approach Implementation and Validation 718
88.5 Conclusions and Future Work 719
Acknowledgements 720
References 720
89 Proof of Concept for a BIM-Based Material Passport 721
Abstract 721
89.1 Introduction 721
89.2 Literature Review 722
89.3 Methodology 723
89.4 Workflow Design 724
89.5 Conclusion 726
References 727
90 Learning from Class-Imbalanced Bridge and Weather Data for Supporting Bridge Deterioration Prediction 728
Abstract 728
90.1 Introduction 728
90.2 Background 729
90.2.1 State of the Art in Bridge Deterioration Prediction 729
90.2.2 Knowledge Gaps 729
90.3 Evaluation Method 730
90.3.1 Data Collection 730
90.3.2 Data Preprocessing 731
90.3.3 Data Sampling 731
90.3.4 Deep Neural Network Modeling 731
90.3.5 Performance Evaluation 732
90.4 Preliminary Experimental Results and Discussion 732
90.4.1 Performances of Data Sampling Methods 732
90.4.2 Impact of Weather Data on Bridge Deterioration Prediction 733
90.5 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Work 734
Acknowledgements 734
References 734
91 Machine-Learning-Based Model for Supporting Energy Performance Benchmarking for Office Buildings 736
Abstract 736
91.1 Introduction 736
91.2 Background 737
91.3 Research Methodology for the Proposed ML-Based Model for Supporting Energy Performance Benchmarking 738
91.3.1 Data Preparation 738
91.3.2 Feature Extraction 739
91.3.3 Model Development 739
91.3.4 Performance Evaluation 740
91.4 Preliminary Results and Discussion 740
91.5 Conclusions and Future Work 742
Acknowledgements 742
References 742
92 Occupants Behavior-Based Design Study Using BIM-GIS Integration: An Alternative Design Approach for Architects 744
Abstract 744
92.1 Introduction 744
92.2 Background 745
92.2.1 Tracking Devices 745
92.2.2 Simulation Modeling 746
92.2.3 BIM-GIS 746
92.3 Methodology 746
92.4 Results 748
92.5 Conclusion 749
References 750
93 Standardization of Whole Life Cost Estimation for Early Design Decision-Making Utilizing BIM 752
Abstract 752
93.1 Introduction 752
93.2 Background and Related Work 753
93.2.1 WLC Definition and Scope 753
93.2.2 Sources of Data 754
93.2.3 Integrative Design Process 754
93.3 Research Strategy and Methods 754
93.3.1 Framework Development 754
93.3.2 Conceptual Process Modeling Using IDEF3 754
93.4 Findings and Results 755
93.4.1 WLC Software Capabilities 755
93.4.2 Interoperability and Data Structure 755
93.4.3 Information Flows—Process Model Development 756
93.5 Discussion and Conclusion 757
93.5.1 Challenges to WLC Estimation Using BIM 757
93.5.2 Next Steps 757
References 758
94 Data Model Centered Road Maintenance Support System Using Mobile Device 759
Abstract 759
94.1 Introduction 759
94.2 Road Data Model 760
94.3 System Design 760
94.3.1 Design Concept 760
94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles94.3.2 Design Principles 761
94.4 Development of System 762
94.4.1 Construction of Three-Dimensional Printed Model 762
94.4.2 RFID Usage 763
94.4.3 System Functions 763
94.5 Evaluation of System 764
94.5.1 Experimental Scenario 764
94.5.2 Consideration 764
94.6 Conclusion 766
References 766
95 Ontology-Based Semantic Modeling of Disaster Resilient Construction Operations: Towards a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System 767
Abstract 767
95.1 Introduction 767
95.2 Methodology 768
95.3 Main DRCOs-Onto Model 768
95.4 Disaster Resilience Concept Hierarchy 769
95.4.1 Construction Operation Impact Modality View 770
95.4.2 Resilience Characteristic Modality View 771
95.4.3 Disaster Management Cycle Modality View 772
95.5 Evaluation of DRCOs-Onto 772
95.6 Application of DRCOs-Onto in a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System 772
95.7 Conclusions and Future Work 773
References 773
96 A Methodology for Real-Time 3D Visualization of Asphalt Thermal Behaviour During Road Construction 775
Abstract 775
96.1 Introduction 775
96.2 Real-Time Asphalt Temperature Monitoring and Prediction 776
96.2.1 Principles of 3D Temperature Contour Plots 776
96.2.2 The Architecture of the Proposed System 778
96.2.3 Reference Station 778
96.2.4 Paver Station 779
96.2.5 Data Analysis, Processing Centre Architecture 779
96.3 Implementation and Case Study 780
96.4 Conclusions 782
References 782
97 Eliminating Building and Construction Waste with Computer-Aided Manufacturing and Prefabrication 783
Abstract 783
97.1 Introduction 783
97.2 Background, Motivation and Objective 784
97.2.1 Summary of Study Aims 785
97.3 Method 785
97.3.1 Technical Summary of Examined Systems 786
97.4 Analysis Results 789
97.5 Discussion 789
97.5.1 Overall Performance 789
97.5.2 CNC Manufacturing 790
97.6 Study Limitations and Continuations 791
97.7 Conclusions 791
References 792
98 A Methodological Proposal for Risk Analysis in the Construction of Tunnels 793
Abstract 793
98.1 Introduction 793
98.2 The State of the Art of Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects 794
98.3 A Methodological Proposal for Risk Analysis in the Construction of Tunnels 795
98.3.1 Risk Identification 796
98.3.2 Qualitative Risk Assessment—Risk Nesting 796
98.3.3 Risks/Activity Matrix 796
98.3.4 Quantitative Risk Assessment—Probability (Bayesian Networks) 796
98.3.5 Quantitative Risk Assessment—Impact 797
98.3.6 Risk Value Calculation 797
98.3.7 Data Review and Adjustment to Entry Project Data 798
98.3.8 Scheduling Adjustment with Time Buffers 798
98.3.9 Results Revision 798
98.4 Application of the Proposed Methodology 799
98.5 Conclusions 799
References 799
99 Technology Alternatives for Workplace Safety Risk Mitigation in Construction: Exploratory Study 801
Abstract 801
99.1 Introduction 801
99.2 Study Objective 802
99.3 Hierarchy of Controls 802
99.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 803
99.3.2 Administrative Controls 803
99.3.3 Engineering Controls 803
99.3.4 Substitution of Hazards 803
99.3.5 Elimination of Hazards 804
99.4 Technological Controls for Workplace Safety Risk 804
99.4.1 Smart Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 804
99.4.2 Administrative Controls Through Technology 804
99.4.3 Engineering Controls Through Technology 805
99.4.4 Hazard Substitution and Elimination Through Technology 805
99.5 Summary and Conclusions 806
References 806
Education, Training, and Learning with Technologies 808
100 BIM4VET, Towards BIM Training Recommendation for AEC Professionals 809
Abstract 809
100.1 Introduction 809
100.2 Background 810
100.3 Methodology 810
100.4 BIM4VET Proposal 811
100.4.1 BIM Profiles and Competence Matrix 811
100.4.2 BIM Training Benchmark and Connection with the BIM Competence Matrix 812
100.4.3 BIM4VET Application 812
100.4.4 BIM4VET Application Assessment 814
100.5 Conclusion and Prospects 815
Acknowledgements 815
References 815
101 Teaching Effective Collaborative Information Delivery and Management 817
Abstract 817
101.1 Introduction 817
101.2 Background 818
101.2.1 Approaches to BIM Process Planning 818
101.2.2 Pedagogy Around Teaching BIM-Enabled Collaboration 818
101.3 Method: Course Overview and Objectives 819
101.4 Findings and Lessons Learned 821
101.5 Conclusions 822
References 822
102 A Story of Online Construction Masters’ Project: Is an Active Online Independent Study Course Possible? 824
Abstract 824
102.1 Introduction 824
102.2 Background 825
102.3 Methodology 825
102.3.1 Principles of Online Independent Study Development 825
102.3.2 The New Online Masters’ Project Delivery Model 826
102.3.3 The Pilot Run of the Online Masters’ Project 827
102.4 Best Practices for Delivering Online Independent Study Courses 829
102.5 Conclusions 830
Acknowledgements 830
References 830
103 Lessons Learned from a Multi-year Initiative to Integrate Data-Driven Design Using BIM into Undergraduate Architectural Education 831
Abstract 831
103.1 Introduction 831
103.2 BIM Integration Toolkit 832
103.3 Case Study Methodology 832
103.4 Case Study Results 833
103.4.1 First Iteration (Years 1 and 2) 834
103.5 Second Iteration (Year 3) 836
103.6 Discussion 837
103.7 Conclusions 837
Acknowledgements 838
References 838
104 Integrated and Collaborative Architectural Design: 10 Years of Experience Teaching BIM 839
Abstract 839
104.1 Introduction 839
104.2 Background 840
104.2.1 About the “Design Theory X: Integrated and Collaborative Design Studio” Course 840
104.2.2 Teaching Applied Informatics to Architecture in Brazil in the Years 2000 840
104.2.3 Evolution of Teaching BIM and Its Influence in This Course 840
104.3 Research Method 841
104.4 Results 841
104.4.1 Results of the Research on the Evolution of the Course 841
104.4.2 Specific Characteristics of the 2017 Course 841
104.4.3 Evaluation of Performance Based on Model Data Extraction 843
104.4.4 Comparisons Between the Course of 2017 and Previous Ones 845
104.5 Discussion 845
104.6 Conclusion 845
References 845
105 Toward a Roadmap for BIM Adoption and Implementation by Small-Sized Construction Companies 847
Abstract 847
105.1 Introduction 847
105.2 Background 848
105.2.1 Innovativeness in the Construction Industry 848
105.2.2 The Effect of Workers’ Age on New Technology Adoption 848
105.2.3 BIM Applications in the Construction Industry 849
105.2.4 Trade Specific BIM Applications 849
105.2.5 Effect of Project Delivery Method on BIM Implementation 850
105.3 Methodology and Data Collection 850
105.4 Results 851
105.4.1 Limitations and Further Research 852
105.5 Conclusions 852
References 853
106 BIM Implementation in Mega Projects: Challenges and Enablers in the Istanbul Grand Airport (IGA) Project 854
Abstract 854
106.1 Introduction 854
106.2 Background 855
106.3 Methodology 856
106.3.1 Challenges 857
106.3.2 Enablers 858
106.4 Conclusion 860
References 861
107 Virtual Learning for Workers in Robot Deployed Construction Sites 862
Abstract 862
107.1 Introduction 862
107.1.1 Background 862
107.1.2 Motivation 863
107.2 Objectives and Research Questions 863
107.3 Methodology 863
107.4 Main Findings 864
107.4.1 Status of Virtual Learning Environments in Construction Industry 864
107.4.2 Advancements of Virtual Learning Environments on Robot Incorporated Work Sites 865
107.5 Discussion 866
107.6 Conclusion 866
References 867
108 Building Energy Modeling in Airport Architecture Design 869
Abstract 869
108.1 Introducing BIM Technologies into Architecture Curriculum 869
108.2 Environmental Design Lab Training Course 870
108.2.1 Program and Topics First Section 870
108.2.2 Industry Involvement in Architecture Education 871
108.2.3 Course Objectives, Training Methods and Tools 871
108.2.4 Assignments 873
108.2.5 Assessment Methods and Students Evaluation 873
108.3 Results 875
108.4 Conclusions 875
References 876
Author Index 877
Subject Index 881