Proceedings of the 19th Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference & SAE-China Congress 2017: Selected Papers (eBook)

Founded in 1963, SAE-China is a national and academic body corporate and a non-profit organization composed voluntarily by enterprises, institutions, incorporations and professionals in the fields of automotive and relative industries which focus on research, design, manufacture, education, sales, management and so on. And it is also the member of FISITA (International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies) as well as one of the initiators in organizing IPC (International Pacific Conference on Automotive Engineering. Now it is renamed as Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference/APAC). SAE-China has become an indispensable and important force for promoting healthy and continuous development of automotive industry through over 40 years' development and has been recognized by domestic and international automotive industries, different social circles, government and nationwide automotive professionals. SAE-China has tens of thousands of personal members and hundreds of group members, with more than 20 professional committees, and has established business guidance relationship with provincial societies of automotive engineers. SAE-China has become an important force for spreading new ideas, exchanging new technologies and propagandizing new conception of China auto industry and also an important bridge for promoting the exchange among international auto industries.

Contents 6
1 Mechanical Performance Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Module Under Dynamic Impact Test 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Materials and Methods 15
3 Results 17
3.1 Dynamic Impact in Length Direction 17
3.2 Dynamic Impact in Width Direction 18
3.3 Dynamic Impact in Thickness Direction 19
4 Discussion 19
5 Conclusion 22
Acknowledgements 23
References 23
2 Combustion System Development of GDI-T Engine for China Stage III Fuel Consumption Regulation 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Main Parameters and Design Target of CA4GB GDI-T Engine 25
3 Combustion System Design 26
4 Optical Engine Test 31
5 Performance Development Test 32
5.1 Turbocharger Test Results 32
5.2 Catalyst Heating Test Performance 38
5.3 Oil Dilution Test Results 39
5.4 Final Results of Performance Development 40
6 Irregular Combustion Test Research 40
7 Simulation Results in Vehicle 44
8 Summary and Limitations 45
3 Crash Energy-Absorption Structure Design Based on an Innovated Leightweight Technology 46
1 Introduction 46
2 Theory and Methodology 47
2.1 The Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure 47
2.2 The Space Truss Composite Material 48
2.3 The Physical Test Arrangement 50
2.3.1 Test of Crash Box 50
2.3.2 Test of Crash Bumper 51
2.3.3 Test of the Reconstructed Assembly 52
3 Results and Analysis 54
4 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgements 61
References 61
4 Research on CFD Steady-State Simulation Analysis and Optimization for Defrosting of Passenger Vehicles 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Mathematical Model 63
3 Model Building and Boundary Conditions 66
3.1 Model Building 66
3.2 Boundary Conditions 66
4 Analyses of Existing Vehicle Simulation and Test Results 67
4.1 Comparison of Simulation and Test Results 68
4.2 Model Analysis and Experience Summary 68
5 Analyses and Optimization of a New Vehicle Defrosting 71
5.1 Simulation Analysis and Optimization of Defrosting Steady Flow Field 71
5.2 Transient Temperature Field Analysis and Verification of the Final Scheme 74
6 Conclusions 76
Acknowledgements 77
References 77
Journals 77
Monograph 77
Collected Papers 77
Website 78
Others 78
5 A Study on a Carmaker’s Brake Pedal Feel DNA 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Factors Affecting Brake Pedal Feel 79
2.1 Objective Specifications Affecting Brake Pedal Feel 79
2.2 Subjective Factors Affecting Pedal Feel 81
3 Analysis of a Carmaker’s Brake Pedal Feel Status 81
3.1 Subjective Evaluation Results for the Pedal Feel on 4 Cars 81
3.2 Objective Data Analysis on These Four Cars 82
4 Brake Pedal Feel DNA Metrics Definition 84
4.1 DNA Metrics Definition 84
4.2 Refinement on the Four Cars’ Pedal Feel DNA 84
5 Conclusion 86
References 86
6 The Dimensional Tolerance Analysis in Different Assembly Procedures Based on 3DCS 87
1 Introduction 88
2 Principle of the Monte Carlo Method 90
3 Size and Tolerance Specifications 93
3.1 Size Specification of Measurement Targets 93
3.2 Tolerance Specification 93
4 Analysis of Different Assembly Process 94
4.1 Successive Assembly Process 94
4.2 Sub-assembly Process 96
5 Tolerance Optimization for the Sub-assembly Procedure 97
5.1 Tolerance Contribution Analysis 97
5.2 Results After Optimizing 98
6 Conclusions 99
References 99
7 The Research of Cylinder Deactivation Technology on Gasoline Engine 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Valve train Cylinder Deactivation 102
2.1 CDA Fuel-Efficient Theory 102
2.2 CDA Valve Train 103
3 CAE Simulation 104
3.1 Intensity Simulation Calculation 104
3.2 Valve Train Dynamics Simulation Calculation 105
3.3 Performance and Fuel Consumption Simulation 109
4 CDA Experiment 112
4.1 Experimental Conditions 112
4.2 Experimental Results’ Analysis 114
4.3 Challenges and Possible Solutions 116
5 Control Strategy Analysis 118
5.1 CDA Control Discuss 118
5.2 Control Strategy 118
6 Conclusions 120
Acknowledgements 121
References 121
8 LP EGR Influence on Performance of Turbocharged Direct Injection Gasoline Engine 122
1 Introduction 123
2 Test Equipment and Test Procedure 124
2.1 Test Equipment 124
2.2 Test Procedure 126
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 127
3.1 Influence of EGR to BSFC, Power and Torque 127
3.2 Influence of the LP EGR on Combustion Parameters 128
3.3 LP EGR Influence on Emissions 130
3.4 Influence of the LP EGR on ? 132
3.5 Influence of the LP EGR on Pumping Gas Loss 134
3.6 LP EGR Influence of Turbo Charger Duty Ratio 134
3.7 LP EGR Influence on Intake and Exhaust Temperature Pressure 135
3.8 BSFC MAP and the EGR Rate MAP 136
3.9 Sweep the EGR Rate Summary 137
3.10 Optimized Result 138
3.11 Valve Timing Optimization Conclusion 138
3.12 Results of the Sweep 139
3.13 Summarize the EGR Rate Scan 139
3.14 Effect of Fuel Rail Pressure and Injection Phase Angle on the BSFC 140
3.15 Effect of Fuel Rail Pressure and Injection Phase Angle on the Emission 141
3.16 Optimization Injection Phase Angle and Rail Pressure Conclusion 146
4 Summary 146
References 147
9 Reconstruction of the Management System of Automobile Manufacturing Enterprise in the Future 149
1 Background 149
2 Challenges and Trends 149
2.1 Challenges 150
2.1.1 Enterprises Have Difficulty in Identifying Information Quickly 150
2.1.2 The Effectiveness Requirement of the Enterprise Management Decision Is Higher 150
2.1.3 It Is Getting Harder and Harder for Companies to Master New Technology 150
2.1.4 New Requirements for the Enterprise Organization 150
2.1.5 The Management of Human Resources Is Getting Harder 150
2.2 Three Remarkable Trends 151
2.2.1 Social Trends 151
2.2.2 Attention to the Trends of Customer Experience 151
2.2.3 Data Driven Deep Personalization Trends 152
3 Reconstruction of Enterprise Management System 152
3.1 Strategy 152
3.1.1 Traditional Manufacturing Plus Internet Connection Strategy 153
3.1.2 Platform Based Cross-Boundary Strategy 153
3.1.3 Enterprise Strategy of Business Ecosystem 154
3.2 Organization 154
3.2.1 Reticular Tissue 155
3.2.2 Reticular Tissue 155
3.2.3 Online Organization 155
3.3 Human Resources 156
3.4 Process 157
3.4.1 Product Planning and Development Process 157
3.4.2 Manufacturing Process 158
3.4.3 The Marketing Process 159
3.4.4 Service Process 160
4 Conclusions 160
10 Development Integrated Roof Rack of Nylon and Continuous Fiber Composite 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Body 162
2.1 Concept Design 162
3 Performance Simulation 165
4 Development and Verification 167
5 Conclusion 169
11 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Optimization of Suspension K& C Characteristic Response
1 Introduction 171
2 Mathematical Model of Suspension 172
2.1 Steering Knuckle Coordinates 172
2.2 Verification of Mathematical Model 174
3 Sensitivity Analysis of Suspension K& C Characteristic
3.1 Design Variable 175
3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 176
3.3 Results Analysis 177
4 The Uncertainty Optimization Method Based on Interval Analysis 179
4.1 Mathematical Transformation Model of Nonlinear Interval 179
4.2 The Optimization Process of Suspension Hard Point Based on Interval Analysis 179
4.3 Constraint Interval Setting for Design Variables and Objective Function 180
4.4 Optimization Process and Result Analysis 180
5 Conclusions 183
References 184
12 Simulation Study on Engine Cylinder Block Machining Line Based on Plant Simulation 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Theoretical Foundation 185
2.1 Simulation Definition 185
2.2 Simulation Application 186
2.3 Simulation Process 186
2.4 Simulation Analysis Tool 186
3 Simulation and Experimental Verification 187
3.1 Production Line Analysis 187
3.1.1 Production Line Analysis Content 187
3.1.2 Production Line Main Strategy 187
3.1.3 Production Line Main Parameters 189
3.2 Assumption and Simplification of Model 189
3.3 Simulation Model Establishment 190
3.4 Simulation Model Validation 191
4 Key Findings and Achievements 192
4.1 Production Line Capacity 194
4.2 Gantry Manipulator Utilization 195
4.3 Number of the Zero-Point Clamping and Dummy Head 196
5 Conclusions 199
References 199
Journals 199
Monograph 199
13 Platform-Based Evolution and Optimization of Vehicle Body in White Using Implicit Modeling Technology 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Implicit Modeling of BIW of Platform Basic Vehicle 201
2.1 Theory of SFE CONCEPT 201
2.2 Modeling of BIW of Platform Vehicle 202
3 Platform-Based Evolution of BIW from SUV to MPV and Optimization 203
4 Platform-Based Evolution of BIW from SUV to Sedan and Optimization 207
5 Conclusions 211
Acknowledgements 211
References 212
14 Preparation Technology of Silicon–Carbon Composite Anode Material Based on Expanded Graphite for Lithium-Ion Battery for Vehicles 213
1 Introduction 213
2 Experimental 214
3 Results and Discussion 214
4 Conclusions 217
References 218
15 Robust Design of Active Vehicle Interior Noise Control System Based on Adaptive Notch Filter 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Performance Prediction of Single-Channel Adaptive Notch Filter 220
3 Secondary Path’s Modelling Mismatch 222
3.1 Model of Secondary Path 222
3.2 Influence of Modelling Mismatch in the Secondary Path 224
4 Robust Design of ANC System 225
4.1 Designed Variables 225
4.2 Criterion Function 226
4.3 Evaluation of Robust Design 227
5 Active Noise Reduction Experiment 227
5.1 Construction of Experiment Platform 228
5.2 Settings of Verification Experiments 228
5.3 Results of Verification Experiments 230
6 Conclusion 232
References 232
16 A Study on the Relationship Among Several Friction-Induced Instability Mechanisms Based on Multi-point Contact Nonlinear Dynamical Friction-Induced Vibration Model 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Mode Coupling Instabilities 234
2.1 Physical Model of Friction Vibration 234
2.2 Friction Coefficient Model 235
2.3 Dynamic Model of Friction System 235
3 Influence of Friction Characteristics on Mode Coupling Instability 237
3.1 System Linearization and Stability Analysis 237
3.2 /beta = 0 238
3.3 /beta /lt 0 238
3.4 /beta /gt 0 240
3.5 Summary of Friction Coefficient and Friction-Velocity Slope 241
4 Effect of Friction Characteristics on Stick-Slip Motion 242
4.1 Analysis on the Characteristics of Stick-Slip Motion in Aera III 243
4.2 Analysis on the Characteristics of Stick-Slip Motion in Aera I 244
4.3 Analysis on the Characteristics of Stick-Slip Motion in Aera II and IV 245
5 Summary 246
Appendix A 248
Appendix B 248
Appendix C 248
Appendix D 249
References 249
17 Six-Sigma Robust Optimization on the NVH Performance of the CRFM Based on Isight 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Six-Sigma Robust Design 252
3 Six-Sigma Robust Design for the NVH Performance of the CRFM 252
3.1 Establish the Analysis Model of NVH Performance of the CRFM 254
3.2 Parametric Identification 255
3.3 Design of Experiments 255
3.4 Metamodel Construction 256
3.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 257
3.6 Six-Sigma Robust Analysis and Optimization 258
4 Test 259
5 Conclusion 261
References 262
18 Automobile Corrosion Mechanism and Cases Analysis 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Corrosion Mechanisms 263
3 E-Chemical Corrosion 265
3.1 Micro-difference Corrosion 266
3.2 Pitting 266
3.3 Crevice Corrosion 267
3.4 Galvanic Corrosion 267
3.5 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Corrosion Fatigue 268
4 Corrosive Factors and Cases Analysis 269
4.1 Auto-Corrosion Complaints Statistics 269
4.2 External Factors 270
4.2.1 Hydrographic Environment Effect 270
4.2.2 Temperature and UV Light 271
4.2.3 Chloride Effect 272
4.2.4 Silt and Gravel Spattering 273
4.3 Internal Factors and Cases Analysis 273
4.3.1 Welding Surface Quality 273
4.3.2 Organic Coating 274
4.3.3 Anodic Coating 275
4.3.4 Crevice and Fastener 278
4.3.5 Closed-Angle Transition Effect 278
4.3.6 Impeded Drainage 279
5 Conclusions 280
References 281
19 Capacity Allocation of Driving System and Braking System for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle 282
1 Introduction 282
2 Total Capacity Matching for Driving and Braking Systems 283
2.1 Total Capacity Matching for Driving System 283
2.2 Total Capacity Matching for Braking System 284
3 Capacity Allocation Method of Driving System 286
3.1 Influence to Maximum Acceleration 287
3.1.1 Analysis Formula Derivation 287
3.1.2 Result Analysis and Optimized Method Selection 288
3.2 Influence to Maximum Gradeability 290
3.3 Influence to 0–100 Km/H Acceleration Time 291
3.3.1 Analysis Formula Derivation 291
3.3.2 Result Analysis and Optimized Method Selection 291
3.4 Optimized Allocation Method 293
4 Capacity Allocation Method of Braking System 293
4.1 Influence to Braking Distance 293
4.2 Influence to Average Deceleration 294
4.3 Optimized Allocation Method 294
5 Summary 295
References 296
20 The Effect of Driving Cycle and Shifting Pattern on Vehicle Emissions 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Comparison Between NEDC and WLTC Cycles 297
3 Test Equipments and Vehicle 298
3.1 Test Reparation 298
3.2 Test Equipment 300
4 Test Results of Different Driving Cycle 300
5 Conclusions 304
References 304
21 A New Fuel Pump Driver Using ePower 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Solution Introduction 306
2.1 Current Measurement 306
2.2 Initial Position Detection 307
2.3 Virtual Hall Signals Generation 310
2.4 Speed Detection and Control 310
2.5 PWM Generation 311
2.6 3-Phase Bridge Driver 312
3 Experiments and Results 313
3.1 Startup 313
3.2 Speed Regulation 314
3.3 Voltage Response 316
3.4 Pressure Response 316
4 Conclusions 319
Acknowledgements 319
References 319
22 Road Noise Prediction Based on FRF-Based Substructuring Method 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Methodology 320
2.1 Vibro-Acoustic Transfer Path Analysis 320
2.2 Hybrid Simulation of FRF-Based System Synthesis 321
2.3 Inverse Matrix Method 322
3 Full Vehicle Modeling 322
3.1 Trimmed Body Model 322
3.2 Shock Absorber Model 324
3.3 Sub-frame Model 324
3.4 Other Models 325
3.5 Rubber Bushing 326
3.6 Assembling of Full Vehicle FBS Model 327
4 Calculation and Analysis 329
4.1 Load Identification 329
4.2 Verification of Road Noise Result 330
5 Conclusion 330
References 330
23 The Analysis of a Sound-Generating Mechanism for Tire Pattern Groove Air Pumping by CFD 332
1 Introduction 332
2 Tire FEM Model Building and Verification 333
3 Groove Air-Pumping Noise Pattern Analysis and Method Verification 335
3.1 Aeroacoustics Theory 335
3.2 A Method for Calculating the Volume Change of a Single Pattern Groove 336
3.3 The Calculation Method of Air-Pumping Noise 339
4 Influence of Tire Maneuvering Factors on Air-Pumping Noise 341
4.1 Influence of Load on Air-Pumping Noise 341
4.2 Influence of Tire Rolling Speed on Air-Pumping Noise 343
4.3 Influence of Tire Inflation Pressure on Air-Pumping Noise 345
5 Conclusions 347
Acknowledgments 348
References 348
24 Study of Intake Charge Control Method on TGDI Engine with CVVL System 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Test Setup 351
3 Analysis of Charge Control Methods 351
3.1 Measurement Result Analysis 351
3.2 The Optimal Charge Control Method and Application Boundary Condition 354
4 The Impact of Best Psr on Emissions 357
5 Conclusion 359
References 359
25 Analysis and Detection Methodology of Knock Phenomenon in Gasoline Engines Based on Cylinder Pressure Sensors 361
1 Introduction 361
2 The Test Setup 362
2.1 Experimental Apparatus 362
2.2 Data Acquisition and Processing Method 363
3 Selection of Knock Window 363
4 Determination of Knock Frequency 365
5 Evaluation of Knock Intensity 368
6 Conclusions 374
References 375
26 Fuel Consumption Contribution Research on Map-Controlled VDOP and PCJ by Simulation 376
1 Introduction 376
2 The Model 378
2.1 Boundary Conditions 378
2.1.1 The Flow Characteristic for Oil Cooler 379
2.1.2 The Flow Characteristic for Oil Filter 380
2.1.3 The Flow Characteristic for PCJ 380
2.1.4 The Flow Characteristic for HLA 381
2.1.5 The Clearance for Main Bearings 381
2.1.6 The Control Strategy of PCJ 381
2.2 Hydraulic Pressure Requirement 382
2.2.1 Operating VCT Units 382
2.2.2 TC Requirement for Cooling and Lubricate 383
2.2.3 Operating HLA Devices 384
2.2.4 The Minimum Oil Pressure for Journal Bearings 384
3 Simulation Results 385
3.1 The Maximum Displacement of Map-Controlled VDOP 385
3.2 The Oil Pressure Control Strategy of VDOP 385
3.3 Fuel Consumption Contribution of VDOP 386
4 Conclusions 389
Acknowledgements 390
References 390
27 The Development and Application of the Front Axle Assembly Line 391
1 Introduction 391
2 Upper Half Bridge Front Shock Absorber Spring Press Machine 392
3 The Assembly Line of Lower Half Bridge 395
3.1 Bearing Ring Press Machine 395
3.2 Device for Pressing the Front Wheel and Testing the Brake Disc Vibration 396
3.3 Brake Calliper Tightening Equipment 398
3.4 Automatic Feeding Structure for the Lower Half of the Bridge Assembly 400
4 The Main Dock of Upper and Lower Half Bridge 400
5 Intelligent Assembly System 402
6 Applications and Achievements 403
7 Conclusions 405
Acknowledgements 405
References 406
28 Prediction of Vehicle Population of Wuhan Based on Model of Econometrics 408
1 Introduction 408
2 Econometrics Model 410
2.1 Steps of Establishing Econometrics Model 410
2.2 Modeling Check 410
3 Establishment of Model 411
3.1 Variable Selection 411
3.2 Model Test 412
4 Validation and Prediction 414
5 Conclusion 415
Acknowledgements 415
References 415
29 Establishment and Application of Dynamic Characteristics Prediction Model for Variable Valve Timing System 417
1 Establishment of VVT System Model 418
1.1 System Working Process Analysis 418
1.2 System Simulation Model 420
2 Dynamic Simulation and Test 421
2.1 Simulation Inputs 421
2.2 Simulation Results of Response Speed 423
2.2.1 Influences of Coil Spring 424
2.2.2 Influences of Pressure Ratio 425
2.2.3 Influences of Oil Leakage 426
2.3 Verification of Simulation Results 428
2.4 Simulation Results of Phase Precision 430
2.4.1 Influences of Oil Temperature 430
2.4.2 Influences of Air Content 431
2.5 Verification of Simulation Results 431
3 Conclusions 432
References 433
30 Steering Mode Switch Control of Four-Wheel-Independent-Steering Electric Vehicle 434
1 Introduction 434
2 Structure of 4WIS EV 435
3 Modeling 436
3.1 Single Trace Model 436
3.2 Model of SbW System 438
4 Control Algorithm 440
4.1 Control Algorithm of Steering Mode Switch 440
4.1.1 Switch from FWS to RWS 440
4.1.2 Switch from FWS to 4WS 441
4.2 Sliding Mode Control Designed for SbW System 442
5 Simulation Analysis 444
6 Real Vehicle Tests of Steering Mode Switch 446
6.1 Switch from FWS to RWS 447
6.2 Switch from FWS to 4WS 448
7 Conclusions 449
Acknowledgements 449
References 449
31 The Innovation and Application for Analysis Measurement in Insurance of Completely Car Quality 451
1 Overview for Analysis Measurement 451
1.1 Classified According to the Function of Analysis Measurement 451
1.2 Classified According to the Equipment of Analysis Measurement 454
1.3 Classified According to the Coordination of Measurement 454
2 The Innovative Application for Each Function Area 455
2.1 The Development of Automatic Adjustable Equipment for Completely Car Measurement 455
2.2 The Innovation Application for Cubing Accuracy Insurance 457
2.3 The Innovation Technology of Purchase Part Measurement 459
References 462
32 Study on Lightweight Optimization of Low Control Arm for Vehicle Suspension Based on Kinematic Envelope Analysis 463
1 Introduction 463
2 Kinematic Envelope Analysis 464
2.1 Suspension Modeling 464
2.2 Acquisition of Design Domain 465
3 Topology Optimization 466
3.1 Topology Optimization Problem Formulation 466
3.2 Finite Element Modeling 466
3.3 Topology Optimization Simulation and Results 467
4 Sizing Optimization 468
4.1 Sizing Optimization Formulation 468
4.2 Sizing Optimization Simulation and Results 468
5 Structure Verification 470
6 Conclusion 471
References 472
33 Effect of Engine Oil on Fuel Consumption and Durability of Heavy-Duty Vehicle 473
1 Introduction 473
1.1 Fuel Economy Standards 473
1.2 Oil Specifications 473
1.3 Measurement Methods 474
1.3.1 Fuel Economy Measurement Cycle (Chassis Dynamometer Method) 475
1.3.2 Proving Ground Test 475
2 Data Acquisition System and Measuring System 476
2.1 Data Acquisition System 476
2.2 Fuel Consumption Measuring System 476
2.2.1 Fuel Consumption Measurement Device 477
2.2.2 Engine Output Torque Measurement Device 477
2.2.3 Engine Speed Measurement Device 478
2.3 Driver Aid Device 478
3 Drive Cycle Development 480
4 Fuel Consumption Measurement 481
4.1 Chassis Dynamometer Test 481
4.2 Proving Ground Test 482
5 Field Test 484
5.1 Oil Sample Analysis 485
5.1.1 Viscosity 485
5.1.2 TAN & TBN
5.1.3 Oxidation, Nitration, and Sulfonation 486
5.1.4 Metallic Element 486
5.2 Engine Disassemble 487
6 Conclusions 491
Acknowledgements 491
References 491
34 A Simple Theory of Fuel Escape from Combustion Chamber 492
1 Introduction 492
2 Fuel Escape Theory 493
2.1 Fuel Escape with Blow-by 494
2.1.1 Gas Flow Through Crevice 495
2.1.2 Fuel Mass Escape with Blow-by 497
2.2 Fuel Escape with Liner Lubricant (Fuel Wetting) 498
2.2.1 Pure Hydrodynamic Lubrication Model 500
2.2.2 Pure Boundary Lubrication Model (Asperity Contact) 501
2.2.3 Mixed Lubrication Model 501
2.3 Piston Ring Force Model 501
3 Simulation Algorithms 502
4 Experiments 503
5 Results and Discussions 506
5.1 Blow-by Flow and Fuel Mass Escaped with Blow-by 507
5.2 Liner Lubricant Film and Fuel Mass Escaped with Liner Lubricants 508
5.3 Total Fuel Mass Escaped into Crankcase 509
5.4 Total Fuel Mass Escaped from Crankcase 509
6 Conclusions 511
References 511
35 Strategy Research on Key Technologies of Misfire Detection on Gasoline Engine 513
1 Introduction 513
2 Principles of Gasoline Misfire Detection 514
3 Realization of Misfire Detection Control Strategy 516
4 Strategy Verification 519
5 Conclusion 521
References 522
36 A Study on Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of Rear Bush of Vehicle Lower Control Arm 523
1 Introduction 523
2 Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Rubber Bushing 524
2.1 Establishment of Finite Element Model 524
2.2 Stiffness Simulation and the Standard 527
2.3 Stress Analysis 528
3 Optimization 529
4 Conclusions 534
References 534
37 Dimensional Variation Simulation Analysis of Front Wheel Camber for Macpherson Suspension 535
1 Introduction 535
2 The Structure and Camber of Macpherson Suspension 536
3 The Problem of the Camber 536
4 Problem Analysis 537
4.1 Tolerance Simulation 538
4.1.1 Monte Carlo Simulation Method 538
4.1.2 Sensitive Analysis Theory 541
4.1.3 Variation Simulation of Camber Based on 3DCS 542
Create a Tolerance Simulation Model 542
Simulation Output 543
4.1.4 Sensitivity (Contribution) Output 544
4.2 Physical Verification (PV) 545
4.3 Comparison of Result Between 3DCS Simulation and Physical Verification 547
4.3.1 Discrepancy of Standard Deviation 547
4.3.2 Discrepancy of Sensitivity Result 548
4.4 Production Problem Investigation and Measures Be Taken 548
4.4.1 Investigation of Components Accuracy and Assembly Process 548
4.4.2 Measures Be Taken 549
5 Conclusions 550
Acknowledgements 551
References 551
38 The Real-Time Measurement Function of the Random Measuring Instrument Improves the Manufacturing Quality of the Workpiece Effectively 552
1 Development of Random Measuring Instrument: Grinder Active Measuring Instrument ? Combined Machine Tool Automatic Correction Measurement ? Processing Center Random Measurement System 552
2 Processing Center the Basic Composition and Main Function of the Random Measurement System 554
2.1 The Composition of the Random Measurement System 554
2.2 The Main Function of the Random Measurement System 555
3 Application Examples and Their Analysis 556
3.1 Temperature Compensation and Tool Wear Compensation 557
3.2 Machine Tooling Parameters Set 557
3.3 Fixture Correction 558
3.4 Workpiece Correction 560
4 The Application of Random Measurement Improves the Quality of the Process 560
5 Conclusion 563
References 563
39 Research on the Application of Real-Time Monitoring System for Manufacturing Quality of Industrial Production Based on Industrial 4.0 565
1 Preface 565
2 The Change of Production Mode Request New Requirements for the Real-Time Monitoring System 566
3 The Necessity and Main Configuration of the High-Level Network Real-Time Monitoring System 569
4 Based on qs-STAT Enterprise Edition Statistical Analysis Software to set up the Whole Plant Network Process Monitoring System 573
5 Based on Whole Process of the Network Monitoring System, in the Whole Plant Improve the Quality of Real-Time Monitoring 575
6 Real-Time Monitoring and Automatic Reporting System for the Whole Plant 577
7 Conclusion 580
References 580
40 Development of a Water-Cooled Condenser 582
1 Introduction 582
2 Product Concept 583
3 High Performance and Miniaturization of the Core 583
3.1 Refinement of the Shape of the Refrigerant-Side Fin 586
3.2 Establishment of an Equation for Predicting the Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficient 587
3.3 Optimization of the Specifications of the Core of the Water-Cooled Condenser 591
3.3.1 Determination of the Specifications of the Refrigerant-Side Offset Fin 592
3.3.2 Determination of the Specifications of the Water-Side Offset Fin 595
3.3.3 Optimization of the Height of the Refrigerant-Side and Water-Side Tubes 595
4 Conclusions 596
References 596
41 Optimization for Qualified Structure Intension of Sliding Door Based on Regulation and a Study About Key and Important Factors Affecting Simulation Accuracy 597
1 Introduction 597
2 Regulation Requirements 598
3 The Simulation Analysis of Initial Model 599
3.1 Simulation Model 599
3.2 Load Method 599
3.3 The Simulation Results of Initial Model 600
3.4 The Reasons for Analysis 601
4 The Study for Important Factors on Simulation Accuracy 601
4.1 Material: The Choice of Materials Curve 601
4.2 The Choice of the Vehicle Body Length 602
4.3 Glues 603
4.4 The Assembly Relationship of Lock, Lockpin, Pothook, Nut Plate with Sliding Door 603
4.5 The Distribution of Welding Spot 603
5 Optimization 604
5.1 The Solutions of Optimization 604
5.2 The Result of Optimization 604
5.3 Experiments 604
6 The Comparison of the Simulation Result and Experiment Result 605
6.1 The Comparison of Loading Curves 605
6.2 The Comparison of Deformation Pattern in Key Portion 606
6.3 The Comparison Between Simulation Results and Experiment Result 606
7 Conclusions 606
References 607
42 A Study on Thermal Runaway of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells: Influence of SOC, Cell Chemistry and Ageing Status on Safety Performance 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Experimental 610
2.1 Cell Samples 610
2.2 Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) for Heating Test 610
2.3 High-Temperature Ageing 610
3 Results and Discussion 611
3.1 Dependence of Onset Temperatures with SOC for Fresh Cells 611
3.2 Dependence of Onset Temperatures with Cell Types for Fresh Cells 613
3.3 Ageing Performance 614
3.4 Dependence of Onset Temperatures with Ageing Status 614
4 Conclusion 616
References 616
43 BCRLS-EKF-Based Parameter Identification and State-of-Charge Estimation Approach of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery in Electric Vehicles 618
1 Introduction 618
2 Establishment of Equivalent Circuit Model for LiB 619
2.1 The Establishment of the Battery Model 619
2.2 Identification of Model Parameters 619
2.3 Verification of Battery Model 620
3 Online Identification of Model Parameters Based on BCRLS 622
4 SOC Estimation Method Based on EKF Algorithm 623
5 Joint Estimators of Model Parameters and States Based on BCRLS-EKF 625
6 Experiments and Result Analysis 626
7 Conclusion 628
References 628
44 Design of Triaxial Platform Used on Automobile Parts’ Testing 630
1 Introduction 631
2 Mechanism Model of Triaxial Platform 631
3 Kinematical Analysis of Triaxial Platform 632
3.1 DOF Calculation 632
3.2 Approximation and Error Analysis 633
4 Kinetics Analysis 634
4.1 Driven Force and Force on Specimen 634
4.2 Force Measurement 635
5 Example in Intermediate Bearing of Drive Shaft Testing 637
5.1 Instruction of IBDS 637
5.2 Testing Bench Design 637
5.3 Road Loads Simulation 639
6 Conclusion 642
References 642
45 Application and Analysis of Laser Brazing in DPCA 643
1 Introduction 643
2 Fundamentals, Classification, and Equipments of Laser Brazing 644
2.1 Fundamentals of Laser Brazing 644
2.2 Classification of Laser Brazing 645
2.3 Equipment of Laser Brazing 648
3 Technological Characteristic of Laser Brazing 650
3.1 Laser Brazing Parameters 650
3.2 Filling Material 651
3.3 Protective Gas and Flux 651
4 Industrialized Debugging Method for Laser Brazing of Top Roof 651
4.1 Working Principle of Forming Tool for Roof Laser Brazing 652
4.2 Debugging Method for Laser Brazing of Top Roof 652
5 The Common Defects and Solutions of Laser Brazing 653
6 Constrains of Product for Laser Brazing of Roof 655
6.1 Constrains of the Position for Laser Brazing Seam of Roof 655
6.2 Constrains of Tolerance for Outer Panel of Body Side and Roof Par 655
7 Optimization Scheme of the Process of Roof Laser Brazing 656
7.1 Analysis of Boundary Conditions for Stamping Process 656
7.2 Optimization Scheme of Welding Process (1)—Ensure the Effective Positioning of the Roof Jig by Using Zero Point Positioning System 658
7.3 Optimization Scheme of Welding Process (2)—Ensure Parts Fit by Using Floating Roof Jig 658
7.4 Optimization Scheme of Welding Process (3)—Ensure the Floating Function of Tooling by Using Concentric Guide Wheel and Eccentric Guide Wheel 659
7.5 Optimization Scheme of Welding Process (4)—Switch Between Floating and Locking by Using Universal Wheel Mechanism 660
8 Conclusions 660
References 661
Monograph 661
Collected papers 661
46 Simulate Design and Experimental Analysis of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension 662
1 Introduction 662
2 Cab Suspension Dynamic Performance 663
2.1 Cab Suspension Bench Test 663
2.2 Cab Suspension Dynamic Model 664
2.2.1 The Stiffness Characteristic of Air Spring 665
2.2.2 The Damping Characteristic of Air Spring 667
2.2.3 The Stiffness Characteristic of Bush 667
2.3 Comparison Between the Results of Simulation and Experiment 667
2.4 Optimization of Cab Suspension Vibration Isolation Performance 670
3 Cab Suspension Static Performance 670
3.1 Static Strength Test with Full-Loaded Cab 671
3.2 Static Strength Simulation with Full-Loaded Cab 671
3.3 Comparison Between the Results of Simulation and Test 672
3.4 Modal Analysis of Cab Suspension 673
3.5 Analysis of the Cab Suspension’s Limiting Working Condition 673
4 Fatigue Performance of Cab Suspension 674
4.1 Cab Fatigue Testing Machine 675
4.2 The Cab Suspension Fatigue Test 675
5 Analysis and Discussion 677
6 Conclusions 677
Acknowledgements 678
References 678
47 Optimization Analysis on Full Vehicle Road Noise Based on Substructure Frequency Response Function 679
1 Introduction 679
2 Theory 680
2.1 Substructure FRF 681
2.2 Optimal Latin Hypercube Design 684
3 Simple Vehicle Model 685
3.1 Standard Method of Frequency Response Analysis 686
3.2 Substructure Method of Frequency Response Analysis 686
4 Full Vehicle Model 688
5 Simulation and Test 689
5.1 Standard Frequency Response Analysis Method 689
5.2 Substructure Frequency Response Analysis Method 689
5.3 Test 691
6 Optimization 691
6.1 Single-Objective Optimization 692
6.2 Multi-objective Optimization 692
7 Efficiency 695
8 Conclusions 697
References 697
48 Driving Cycle Construction of Xi’an Bus Line Based on Cluster Analysis 699
1 Introduction 699
2 Driving Cycle Data Collection 700
2.1 The Sampling Route Analysis 700
2.2 The Amount of the Sampling Data Analysis 701
3 Driving Cycle Construction 703
4 Driving Cycle Error Analysis 710
5 Conclusion 713
References 713
49 Driver Fatigue Detection Based on SVM and Steering Wheel Angle Characteristics 715
1 Introduction 715
2 Basic Theory Introduction 716
2.1 Support Vector Machines—Introduction 716
2.2 Cross-validation Method Introduction 716
3 Driving Fatigue Detection Model Establishment Based on SVM 717
3.1 Classification of Driving Fatigue Status 717
3.2 Steering Wheel Angle Analysis Based on Timing 718
3.3 The Driving Fatigue Detection Model Establishment 718
3.3.1 Design of Input and Output Vectors 718
3.3.2 Selection and Optimization of Classifiers 719
3.3.3 Establishment of SVM-Based Model 720
4 Application Examples 720
4.1 Experimental Design 720
4.2 Collection and Preprocessing of Sample Data 721
4.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 721
5 Summary 723
References 723
50 Study on Multiaxial Loading Fatigue Test of Steering Knuckle Based on Road Load Spectrum 725
1 Multiaxial Loading Fatigue Test Principle and Bench Design 726
2 Road Load Spectrum Acquisition 728
3 Test Load Spectrum 728
3.1 The Preprocessing of the Six-Dimensional Wheel Force Load Spectrum 728
3.2 Compression Method of the Six-Dimensional Wheel Force Load Spectrum Based on Time-Domain Damage 730
3.2.1 Fatigue Damage Calculation Method of the Steering Knuckle 730
3.2.2 Six-Dimensional Wheel Force Load Spectrum Compression Process 732
3.2.3 Finite Element Analysis of Steering Knuckle 733
3.2.4 Comparison and Analysis of Load Spectrum Compression Results 734
3.3 Obtain the Test Load Spectrum 737
4 Multiaxial Loading Bench Fatigue Test 738
5 Conclusion 741
References 741
51 Visual Equity Matrix: A New Perspective of Enterprise Operation in the Automotive Industry 742
1 Introduction 742
2 Theory and Research Question 744
2.1 Theory 744
2.1.1 Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix 744
2.1.2 Porter’s Value Chain 745
2.1.3 The Five Factors of Production (4M1E) 746
2.1.4 Talent Management (TM) and a Company’s Performance 748
2.1.5 Factors for Successful Talent Management Implementation 748
2.1.6 Factors of Operation Management Success and Its Business Impact 748
2.2 Research Question 751
2.2.1 Research Question 1 751
2.2.2 Research Question 2 751
2.2.3 Research Question 3 752
3 Methodology 752
3.1 Matrix and Hypotheses 752
3.2 Matrix Algorithm 753
3.3 Data Analysis 754
4 Findings and Discussion 755
4.1 Understanding of Operation Management Phenomenon with VEM 756
4.2 Factors for Successful Operation Management Implementation 757
5 Conclusions 757
Acknowledgements 758
References 758
Journals 758
Monograph 759
52 Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure Evolution of Hot Forming High Strength Steel Based on Non-Isothermal Constitutive Model 760
1 Introduction 760
2 Non-isothermal Tensile Experiments 762
2.1 Experimental Materials 762
2.2 Experimental Procedure 763
2.3 Non-isothermal Constitutive Model 764
2.3.1 Non-isothermal Stress–Strain Curves 764
2.3.2 The Modified Constitutive Model 765
3 Application and Verification 765
3.1 Geometrical Modelling and Meshing 766
3.2 Thermal–Mechanical Boundary Conditions 766
3.3 Different Cooling Water Flow Rate 767
3.3.1 Flow Rate of 0.1 m/s 767
3.3.2 Flow Rate of 0.3 m/s 769
3.3.3 Flow Rate of 0.5 m/s 770
4 Experiment Verification and Analysis 772
4.1 Experiment Device 772
4.2 Experimental Overall Results 774
4.3 Optical Metallurgy of Microstructures 775
4.3.1 Flange Area P1 775
4.3.2 Sidewall Area P2 778
4.3.3 Bottom Area P3 778
4.4 The Overall Comparison 779
5 Conclusions 780
Acknowledgements 780
References 780
53 A Simulation Method for Predicting Connecting Rod Buckling Stress and Fatigue Safety Factor of a Four-Cylinder Small Displacement Engine 782
1 Introduction 782
2 Analysis Model 783
2.1 Meshed Model 783
2.2 Joining Strategy [1] 783
2.3 Boundary Conditions 785
2.3.1 Global Restraints 785
2.3.2 Loading Regime 785
3 Stress Result 787
3.1 Stress and Deformation Under Critical Cases 787
3.2 Yield Cover Factor 789
4 Buckling Mode Predicting 792
4.1 Elastic–Plastic Material Data 793
4.2 Buckling Analysis Loading Method 794
5 Simulation Results 795
5.1 Yield Cover Factor 795
5.2 Buckling Analysis 795
5.3 High Cycle Fatigue Prediction [1] 796
6 Experimental Validation 797
6.1 Buckling Load Test 799
6.2 Fatigue Assessment 800
6.3 Results from Fatigue Durability Testing 801
7 Conclusion 803
References 803
54 A Study of Misfire Detection 804
1 Introduction 804
2 Basic Analysis of Misfire Detection 805
3 Misfire Detection Method 807
4 Misfire Detection Experiment 810
5 Results and Discussion 811
6 Conclusion 814
References 814
55 Preparation and Application of Copper-Based Small-Pore Molecular Catalysts for Diesel Vehicle 815
1 Introduction 815
2 Experimental 816
2.1 The Preparation of Cu–Ce/Sapo-34 and Cu–Ce/Ssz-13 816
2.2 Catalyst Characterization 816
2.3 SCR Performance 816
3 Results and Discussions 817
3.1 Structure Characterization 817
3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope 818
3.3 Bet Surface Areas 818
3.4 Analysis of H2–TPR 819
3.5 Analysis of Surface Acid Sites 820
3.6 NH3–SCR Performance 821
4 Conclusions 822
References 822
56 End-to-End Adaptive Cruise Control Based on Timing Network 823
1 Introduction 823
2 Overview System 825
3 Network Architecture 826
3.1 Input Data Format 826
3.2 Output Data Format 827
3.3 Neural Network Structure 827
4 Data Collection 829
4.1 Data Situation Description 829
4.2 Image Data 829
4.2.1 Traffic Parameters 829
4.2.2 Camera Parameters 830
4.2.3 Image Rebuilding 830
4.3 Control Signal 831
5 Training Details 831
6 Simulation Results 832
7 Summary 835
Acknowledgements 835
References 835
57 Design Optimization of Multi-material Battery Enclosure for Electric Vehicle 837
1 Introduction 837
2 Battery Enclosure Finite Element Modeling 838
3 Battery Enclosure Prototype Model Analysis 840
3.1 Battery Enclosure Prototype Modal Analysis 840
3.2 The Strength and Stiffness Analysis of the Basic Battery Enclosure 841
3.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Battery Enclosure’s Thickness 842
4 Optimization and Analysis of Multi-material Battery Enclosure 843
4.1 Multi-material Battery Enclosure Optimization Design 843
4.2 Static Analysis of Multi-material Battery Enclosure 843
4.3 Battery Enclosure Strength Check 845
5 Conclusion 847
Acknowledgments 848
References 848
58 Improving the Dynamics of a Vehicular Platooning by Taking Account of Individual Vehicle Dynamics 849
1 Introduction 849
2 Vehicle Model 850
3 Spacing Error Dynamics 852
4 Improving Platooning Dynamics by Regulating Wheel Rotational Dynamics 856
4.1 The Role of Regulating Wheel Dynamics 856
4.2 Feedforward of Wheel Speed in the Platooning Controller 859
5 Conclusions 863
References 864
59 Analysis on Energy Flow of Electric Vehicle 865
1 Introduction 865
2 Build Energy Flow Model 865
3 Test Method 866
4 Test Analysis 868
4.1 Energy Flow Analysis on Standard Test Drive Cycles 868
4.2 Energy Flow Analysis Under Nonstandard Test Conditions 872
5 Suggestions 876
6 Summary 877
References 877
60 Gearbox Noise Optimization of Electric Bus Based on Gear Modification 878
1 Introduction 878
2 Gear Modification and Optimization 879
2.1 Transmission Error 879
2.2 Gear Micro-Modification 880
3 Gearbox Model Establishment and Verification 881
3.1 Dynamic Model Construction 881
3.2 Kinetic Model Validation 882
4 Analysis on Influence Law of Gear Modification 883
4.1 Research on Gear Modification Parameters Based on Orthogonal Experimental Method 883
4.2 Determination of the Modification Amount 885
5 Optimization Scheme and Noise Prediction 886
5.1 Micro-Modification Scheme 886
5.2 Optimization Effect Analysis 886
5.3 Gearbox Radiation Noise Prediction 888
6 Test and Analysis 889
6.1 Test Data Collection 889
6.2 Data Analysis 889
7 Conclusion 890
References 891
61 Lyapunov-Based Feedback Control of Auxiliary Power Unit for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles 892
1 Introduction 893
2 APU System Architecture and Modeling 894
3 APU Controller Design 896
3.1 Basic Controller 896
3.2 Extension of the Controller 898
4 Simulations and Results Discussion 899
4.1 Basic Controller Verification 900
4.2 Improved Controller Verification 903
5 Conclusions 905
References 907
62 Hardware in Loop Simulation Platform for Power Train System in Series Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicles 908
1 Introduction 908
2 ‘Engine-VCU’ Hardware in Loop Platform 909
2.1 The Architecture of Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicle 909
2.2 Platform Design 910
2.3 Modeling 911
2.3.1 Engine-Generator Set (EGS) Model 911
2.3.2 Battery Model 912
2.3.3 Electric Coupling Between Engine-Generator Set (EGS) and Battery 913
2.3.4 Vehicle Dynamic Model 914
3 Control Strategies of the Platform 915
3.1 Engine-Generator Set Speed Closed-Loop Control 915
3.1.1 Electronic Throttle Control 915
3.1.2 Engine Speed Control 916
3.2 Vehicle Dynamics Closed-Loop Control 917
4 ‘Engine-VCU’ Hardware in Loop Test 918
4.1 Driver Operating Instructions 918
4.2 Experimental Results Without Battery 918
4.3 Experimental Results with Battery 920
5 Conclusion 921
Acknowledgements 922
References 922
63 Study on Control Strategy of Dual-Motor Electric Power Steering System for Commercial Vehicle 923
1 Introduction 923
2 Dual-Motor Coupling Devices 924
3 Multi-body Dynamic Model of Commercial Vehicle 925
4 Design of EPS Assist Characteristic Curve 925
5 Control Strategy of Dual-Motor EPS System 928
5.1 Current Distribution Strategy 928
5.2 Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy 929
6 Co-simulation of Dual-Motor EPS System 930
6.1 Establishment of Co-simulation Model 930
6.2 Verification of Current Distribution Control Strategy 931
6.3 Verification of Fault-Tolerant Control Strategies 931
7 Conclusion 936
References 937
64 A Study of Calibration Method for Fastener Dynamic Torque in Vehicle Durability Tests 938
1 Introduction 938
2 Essential Theory 939
2.1 Measuring Principle and Application Criteria 939
2.2 Calibration Principle 942
3 Torque Calibration of Toe Link on a Car 944
3.1 Applicability Assessment 944
3.2 Load Measured and Calibration 944
3.3 Required Tightening Torque Calibration 946
3.4 Result Analysis 947
4 Conclusion 948
References 949
65 Study of Wheel Vibration Energy Harvesting for Intelligent Tires 951
1 Wheel Vibration Measuring System 952
2 Analysis of Wheel Vibration 953
3 Test for Energy Harvester 955
4 Conclusion 958
Acknowledgement 958
References 958
66 Inter-functional Design and Simulation of Vehicular Electronic Control Units 959
1 Introduction 959
1.1 Background 959
1.2 Purpose 961
1.2.1 Sorting Out Logical Relationships Among ECUs 961
1.2.2 Finding Out Missing Inter-functional Definitions 961
1.2.3 Improving Functional Safety Through Interactive Logic Design 962
1.2.4 Achieving Functional Collaboration Between Cross-Domain ECUs 962
2 Implementation Plan 962
2.1 Functional Principle 962
2.2 Software Selection 964
2.3 Program Structure 965
3 Simulation Examples 966
3.1 Multi-system Coordination Manoeuvres in ACC Process 966
3.1.1 Operation Timing 966
3.1.2 Test Results 967
3.2 Response to Abnormal Interrupt in APA Process 969
3.2.1 Operation Timing 969
3.2.2 Test Results 969
4 Conclusions and Prospect 971
4.1 Research Conclusions 971
4.2 Research Prospect 972
References 973
67 Study on Engine Control Software Testing Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Platform 974
1 Introduction 974
2 HIL-Based Test System 976
3 Test Item Extraction 977
3.1 Extraction Strategy 978
3.2 Extraction 978
4 Test Case Distribution and Design 979
4.1 Test Case Distribution Strategy 980
4.2 Test Case Distribution 980
4.3 Test Case Design Strategy 982
4.3.1 Methodology of Equivalence Class Partitioning 983
4.3.2 Methodology of Boundary Value 983
4.3.3 Methodology Based on Scenario 983
4.4 Test Case Design of Idling Control Function 984
5 Automatic Software Testing 986
5.1 Development of Automatic Test Scripts 986
5.2 Automatic Testing and Result Analysis 987
5.2.1 Testing and Result Analysis of Digital Signal Acquisition Function 987
5.2.2 Testing and Result Analysis of Analog Signal Acquisition Function 988
5.2.3 Testing and Result Analysis of Idling Condition Control Function 988
5.2.4 Testing and Result Analysis of Normal Condition Control Function 990
6 Conclusions 992
References 992
68 Dynamic Modeling and Coordinate Control for an Engine-Generator Set 994
1 Introduction 994
2 Overall Architecture of the Investigated Engine-Generator Set 995
3 Control-Oriented Dynamic Modeling of Diesel Engine and PMSG 997
3.1 Diesel Engine Model 998
3.2 PMSG Model and Its Controller 999
4 Experimental Validation 1004
4.1 Experimental Test Bench Installation 1004
4.2 Experimental Validation and Discussions 1006
5 Comparison of Dynamic Coordinate Control Performance 1010
6 Conclusion 1011
References 1012
69 Study on High-Cycle Shear Fatigue Behavior of Two Kinds of Spot-Welded 980 Mpa Ultra-High-Strength Steels 1013
1 Introduction 1013
2 Materials and Experimental Procedure 1014
2.1 Materials 1014
2.2 Experiment Procedure 1015
3 Results and Discussion 1016
3.1 High-Cycle F-N Curves 1016
3.2 Fracture Mode and Crack Initiation 1017
3.3 SEM Analysis of Fractures 1019
4 Conclusions 1022
References 1022
70 Effect of Unbalanced Vertical Force of IWM on Comfort and Stability in Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle 1023
1 Introductions 1023
2 In-Wheel Motor and Vehicle Modeling 1024
2.1 SRM Model 1025
2.2 Quarter IWM-EV Model 1029
3 Joint Modeling and Preliminary Analysis 1031
4 Effect of Vertical Force of In-Wheel Motor on Stability Analysis 1035
5 Conclusion 1037
References 1038
71 The Load and Centroid Location Estimation of Tractor–Semitrailer 1040
1 Tire Force Estimation 1041
1.1 Longitudinal Tire Force Estimation 1041
1.2 Vertical Tire Force Estimation 1043
2 Longitudinal Dynamic Model of the Vehicle 1044
2.1 Dynamic Analysis of the Vehicle Running at Constant Speed 1044
2.2 Dynamic Analysis of the Vehicle Under Constant Deceleration 1045
2.3 The Load and Centroid Estimation of the Semi-trailer 1046
3 Simulation Verification 1047
3.1 Estimation of Tire Force in Brake Process 1047
3.2 Estimation of Tire Force When the Vehicle Is Evenly Running 1048
3.3 Mass and Centroid Estimation of the Semi-trailer 1048
4 Conclusion 1049
References 1049
72 Study on Co-simulation of a Dual-Motor EPS for Bus Based on ADAMS and MATLAB 1050
1 Introduction 1050
2 Commercial Vehicle Dual-Motor EPS System 1051
3 Dual-Motor EPS Control Strategy 1052
3.1 EPS Control Strategy 1052
3.2 Current-Sharing Strategy 1052
3.3 Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy 1054
4 Simulation Verification 1055
4.1 Joint Simulation Model of Dual-Motor EPS System 1055
4.2 Current Distribution Control Strategy Validation 1055
4.3 Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy Test 1055
4.4 Steering Portability Test 1058
5 Conclusion 1060
References 1060
73 Technology of Squeeze Casting for Aluminium Alloy Automobile Triangle Arms 1061
1 Background 1061
2 The Structure Design and Material Selection 1061
3 CAE Strength Analysis for the Aluminium Alloy Triangular Arm 1063
4 Simulation Analysis of Squeeze Casting Process 1064
5 Trial Problems and Solutions 1065
6 Material Tests, Bench Tests and Vehicle Tests 1066
7 Conclusions 1067
Reference 1067
74 Application of NX Innovative Design Model in the Fuzzy Front End Period of NEV Development 1068
1 Introduction 1068
2 Establishing NX Innovative Design Model for FFE Period of Vehicle Product Development 1069
2.1 Principle and Significance of Integrated New Product Development 1070
2.2 Principle and Significance of Design-Driven Innovation 1070
2.3 Establishing NX Innovative Design Model 1071
3 Application of NX Innovative Design Model in FFE Period of Nev Development 1074
3.1 Demand Identification in the FFE Period of New Product Development 1074
3.1.1 Opportunity Identification 1074
3.1.2 Analysis of Requirements 1077
3.2 Formulating Product Plans 1078
3.3 Preparation Phase for Production 1078
3.4 Evaluation of Application Results 1078
4 Conclusions and Application Prospect 1080
References 1081
75 Vehicle Fuel Consumption Prediction Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 1083
1 Introduction 1083
2 Correlation Analysis for the Influence Factors of Vehicle Fuel Consumption 1084
2.1 Influence Factors of Vehicle Fuel Consumption 1084
2.2 Determine the Sensitive Influence Factors of Vehicle Fuel Consumption 1084
3 Lssvm 1086
4 Parameter Optimization of LSSVM Based on IPSO 1087
5 Vehicle Operation Data Collection 1088
6 Vehicle Fuel Consumption Prediction Model Based on IPSO-LSSVM 1089
6.1 Construct the Prediction Model 1090
6.2 Prediction Results Analysis 1090
7 Conclusions 1091
Acknowledgements 1092
References 1092
76 Production and Engine Performance and Emission Evaluation of Karanja and Jatropha-Based Biodiesel 1093
1 Introduction 1093
2 Biodiesel Production Process and Experimental Procedure 1094
2.1 Oil Expelling 1094
2.2 Titration 1095
2.2.1 Titration Procedure 1095
2.3 Pre-esterification Process (FFA  greaterthan 2%) 1096
2.4 Transesterification Process 1096
2.5 Washing and Heating 1098
3 Experimental Validation 1098
4 Results and Analysis 1099
4.1 Fuel Properties 1099
4.2 Engine Performance and Emissions 1101
4.2.1 Engine Performance Parameters 1101
4.2.2 Engine Emission Parameters 1103
5 Conclusion 1106
Acknowledgements 1106
References 1107
77 Experimental and Simulation Study on Vehicle Ride Comfort and Parameter Optimization 1108
1 Introduction 1108
2 Theoretical Analysis 1109
2.1 Virtual Incentive Method 1110
2.2 Pavement Incentive Model 1110
2.3 Calculation Model of Ride Comfort and Calculation of Vibration Response 1111
2.4 Method for Evaluating Ride Comfort of Target Vehicle 1113
3 Test Scheme and Numerical Model 1114
3.1 Test Plan 1114
3.2 Numerical Model 1117
4 Analysis and Optimization of Results 1119
4.1 Result Analysis 1119
4.2 Ride Comfort Model Optimization 1119
5 Conclusions 1123
Acknowledgments 1124
References 1124
78 Intelligent Laser Solutions for Automotive Manufacturing 1125
1 Introduction 1125
2 Intelligent Laser Equipment 1126
2.1 Intelligent Laser Process 1127
2.2 Smart Factory 1129
3 Conclusion 1131
References 1131
79 Noise Detection Technology of Automotive Powertrain and Application 1132
1 Preface 1132
2 Basic Concept of Acoustics 1133
2.1 Sound Pressure 1133
2.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Power 1134
2.3 Loudness Level 1135
2.4 Common Detection Methods for Vibration and Noise 1136
3 Application of Engine Vibration and Noise Detection in Production 1140
3.1 Engine Noise Classification 1140
3.2 General Method of Engine Noise Detection in Batch Production 1141
3.2.1 Heuristic Method 1141
3.2.2 Step-by-Step Operation 1142
3.2.3 Spectrum Analysis Method 1143
3.2.4 Method for Determining Tolerance Range Line of Noise Detection 1144
4 Online Detection Technology for Vibration and Noise of Automotive Gearbox 1146
4.1 Failure Analysis of Gearbox Vibration and Noise 1148
5 Development Trend of Transmission Online Diagnosis Technology 1150
6 Conclusion 1151
80 The Application of Film Broken Alarm Detection Technology in Polishing Machine 1152
1 Introduction 1152
2 The Application of the Principle of Film Broken Alarm Detection Technology 1152
2.1 The Principle of Film Broken Alarm for IMPCO Polishing Machine 1153
2.2 The Principle of Film Broken Alarm for SUPFINA Polishing Machine 1154
2.3 The Principle of Film Broken Alarm for Grind Master Polishing Machine 1155
3 Optimization Design of Polishing Film Broken Alarm Device 1156
4 Development Direction 1157
5 Conclusion 1158
Bibliography 1158