Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering (AMMA 2018) (eBook)

The Revolution of the Automotive World 6
Contents 8
Advanced Engineering, Software and Simulation 17
Modeling and Simulation of the Specific Mechanisms Used in Convertible Automobiles 18
Abstract 18
1 Retractable Mechanisms of the Two-Section Roof 18
2 The Folding Mechanism of the Three-Section Roof 20
3 The Kinematic Geometry of the Complex Folding Mechanism of the Retractable Roof 22
4 Simulation of the Articulated Mechanism for Folding Textile Roof 24
5 The Convertible Mechanism of the Car Roof Made of 3 and 4 Rigid Components (Patent US06425622-20020720-D00000) [11–13] 26
5.1 The 3-Part Convertible Mechanism 26
5.2 The Convertible Mechanism with 3 Hardtops and 2 Trunk Lid Parts 27
5.3 The 4-Part Convertible Mechanism 29
6 Conclusions 31
References 31
Using Inertial Sensors in Driver Posture Tracking Systems 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Methodology 33
3 Equipment 33
4 Results 35
5 Conclusions 38
Acknowledgments 38
References 38
CFD Simulation of Turbulent Flow Around a Shrouded Spur Gear for Predicting Load-Independent Windage Power Losses 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 40
1.1 Windage Power Loss Calculation 41
1.2 Previous CFD Approaches on Windage Power Loss Calculation of Shrouded Spur Gears 41
2 Materials and Methods 42
3 Results 45
4 Conclusions 45
References 45
Numerical Investigation of Slant Angle Effect on a Simplified Car Model with Solution Adaptive Cartesian Grid Method 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
1.1 Literature Review on Numerical Investigations of Ahmed Body 47
2 Materials and Methods 48
2.1 Boundary Conditions 48
2.2 Mesh Generation 49
2.3 Governing Equations and Flow Solver 49
3 Results 51
4 Conclusion and Future Work Suggestions 54
References 54
Control of Injection Process Using Irate Injection Law on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine’s by Numerical Simulation 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Materials and Methods 58
3 Results and Discussions 61
4 Conclusions 65
Acknowledgments 65
References 65
Lateral Impact Behavior Study of a Car Door 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 67
2 General Design of the Side Door and Simulation of the Lateral Side Impact with a Pole 68
2.1 Geometrical Modeling 68
2.2 Model from Finished Elements 69
2.3 Initial Conditions for Side Impact Simulation 69
2.4 Side Impact Study 71
3 Conclusions 73
References 74
Study on the Contact Stress Between the Piston-Ball and the Swash Plate for an Axial Hydrostatic Motor 75
Abstract 75
1 Introduction 75
2 Hertzian Contact Stresses Assessment 76
3 Finite Element Analysis of Contact Stresses 78
4 Conclusions 81
References 81
Topography Optimization of a Bracket Used for Car Bodywork Reinforcement 82
Abstract 82
1 Introduction 82
1.1 Literature Review 82
1.2 Topography Optimization Process 83
2 Optimization Process 83
2.1 CAD Model 84
2.2 Finite Element Analysis 84
2.3 Material Assignment 85
2.4 Optimization Process 85
3 Conclusions 87
References 87
The Aerodynamic Study of a Body Truck 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 88
1.1 Force on Autovehicles Body 89
2 Virtual Computational Domain 90
3 Simulation Results 91
4 Conclusions 93
References 94
Simulink Model to Optimize Cab Suspension 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Mathematical Model 96
2.1 Model Properties 97
2.2 Model Properties 97
3 Simulink Model 98
4 Experimental Determination 99
5 Results 100
6 Conclusion 102
References 102
The Impact of the Wheel’s Rim on the Aerodynamics of Passenger Vehicles 104
Abstract 104
1 Paper’s Purpose 104
2 Wheel Aerodynamic Basics 105
3 CFD Analysis 106
4 Conclusions 110
References 111
Virtual Determinations and Analyzes on the Influence of the MRD Magnetic Field from the Vehicle Stru ... 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Particularities on Magnetorheological Solutions in Vibration Attenuation 113
3 The Determination of Behavior of the Magnetorheological Damper 114
4 Modeling Control Strategies in AMESim 116
5 Virtual Representation of the Magnetic Field During Damper Functioning 118
6 Conclusions 119
References 120
Numerical Results Obtained on Models of Dynamical Systems Used in the Study of Active Suspensions 121
Abstract 121
1 Introduction 121
2 The Mathematical Model 122
2.1 Passive Suspension 122
2.2 Active Suspension 122
3 PID Controller Design 125
4 Results and Discussions 125
5 Conclusions 126
References 126
Modeling and Analysis of a Vehicle Suspension 128
Abstract 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Vehicle System 129
2.1 Rim and Tire 129
2.2 Vehicle’s Suspension 130
2.3 One Dimensional Quarter Vehicle Model 132
3 Modelling of the Vehicle 134
4 Conclusions 135
References 136
Vibrotactile Patterns for Smartphone Based ADAS Warnings 137
Abstract 137
1 Introduction 137
2 Development of the Vibrotactile Patterns for Smartphone Based ADAS Warnings 138
2.1 Smartphone Based ADAS System 138
2.2 Vibrotactile Display Patterns 139
3 Conclusions 141
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
Predictive Actuation of a Driving Simulator 143
Abstract 143
1 State of the Art – Driving Simulators 143
2 The Simulator Motion Platform 144
3 Driving Scenarios and Ideal Starting Positions of the Platform 145
4 The Predictive Actuation Module 147
5 Testing and Validation 148
6 Conclusions 149
References 150
Study of Stability on Water for a Special Amphibious Autovehicle 151
Abstract 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Objectives 152
3 Methodology 152
4 Results 155
5 Conclusions 157
References 158
Optimizing the Responsiveness of a Turbocharged Ice Through a New Design of the Exhaust Line 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 159
2 Simulation Model 161
3 Results and Discussions 163
4 Conclusions 165
References 166
Experimental Research on the Use of MRD to Reduce Shocks and Vibrations in Light Car Seats 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Magnetorheological Suspension for Car Seats 168
3 Determination of Behavior of the Magnetorheological Damper 170
3.1 The Elastic Features of the Seat Cushion Feature 170
3.2 Testing the Damper 171
4 Considerations and Analyzes Regarding the Results Obtained 173
5 Conclusions 175
References 175
Green Vehicle Solutions 176
Techniques and Procedures for Assessing the Energy Balance of Internal Combustion Engines 177
Abstract 177
1 Introduction 177
2 Experimental Setup 178
3 Global Energy Balance 180
4 Experimental Results 181
5 Conclusions 184
References 184
Characterization of Sunflower Oil Biodiesel as Alternative for Diesel Fuel 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Materials and Methods 187
2.1 Extraction of Sunflower Oil 188
2.2 Transesterification of Sunflower Oil 188
2.3 Characterization and Quality Evaluation of Sunflower Oil Biodiesel 188
3 Results and Discussion 189
4 Conclusion 193
References 193
Research Concerning Fuel Economy Coefficient and Carbon Foot Print in Various Conditions for a City ... 195
Abstract 195
1 Introduction 195
1.1 Research Objectives 195
1.2 State of the Art 196
2 Methodology and Materials 197
2.1 Methodology 197
2.2 Materials for Research 198
2.3 Mathematical Apparatus 198
3 Practical Setup and Results 199
3.1 Practical Setup 199
3.2 The Novelty of the Conducted Research 200
3.3 Applied Part 200
4 Conclusions 201
References 202
Influence of TiO2 Nano-particles Content on Physicochemical and Tribological Properties of Lubricant Oil 204
Abstract 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Materials and Methodology 205
2.1 Preparation of Nano-lubricant Oils 205
2.2 Characterization of Nano-lubricant Oils 206
2.3 Tribological Test of Nano-lubricant Oils 206
3 Results and Discussions 206
3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nano-lubricant Oils 206
3.2 Tribological Properties of Nano-lubricant Oils 208
4 Conclusions 209
References 209
Fuel Properties of Diesel-Ethanol-Tetrahydrofuran Blends: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches 211
Abstract 211
1 Introduction 211
2 Models for Fuel Blends Properties 212
2.1 Models for Predicting Densities 212
2.2 Models for Predicting Viscosities 213
2.3 Evaluation of the Models for Fuel Blends 214
3 Materials and Methods 214
4 Experimental Section 215
5 Discussion 218
5.1 Models for Density 218
5.2 Models for Viscosity 219
5.3 Models for Surface Tension 220
6 Conclusions 220
References 221
Applications of Biogas Inside a Motogenerator – Case Study 223
Abstract 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Methodology and Discussions 224
3 Experimental Part 226
4 Conclusions 229
Acknowledgment 229
References 230
Biodiesel Production and Sustainability Challenge 231
Abstract 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Biodiesel Feedstock 232
3 Biodiesel Production Methods 232
4 Biodiesel Sustainability 233
4.1 Energy Balance 233
4.2 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 234
4.3 Land Use 235
4.4 Water Use 235
4.5 Economics 235
4.6 Food vs. Fuel 236
4.7 Social Aspects 236
4.8 Sustainability Standards and Certifications 236
5 Conclusion 236
References 237
Temperature Dependence of Densities of Different Biodiesel-Diesel-Alcohol Ternary Blends 239
Abstract 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Experimental Methods 240
2.1 Biodiesel Production 240
2.2 Density Measurement 241
2.3 Uncertainty Analysis 242
3 Results and Discussion 242
4 Conclusion 246
References 246
Innovative Methodology for Decreasing Mechanical Losses in Vehicles 248
Abstract 248
1 Background and Objective of the Investigation 248
2 Theoretical Analysis 249
3 Novelty Contributions to the Methodology Developed 251
4 Conclusions 255
References 255
Legal Barriers of Utilization of Autonomous Vehicles as Part of Green Mobility 257
Abstract 257
1 Classification of Autonomous Vehicles 257
2 Autonomous Vehicles as Part of Green Mobility 258
3 Legal Barriers of Self-driving Vehicles 259
3.1 Vienna and Geneva Convention 260
3.2 Self-driving Law 261
4 Future Driving Law 261
5 Conclusions 261
Acknowledgements 262
References 262
Development of Two-Dimensional Models for Estimating Densities of Biodiesel-Diesel-Alcohol Ternary Blends 263
Abstract 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Experimental Methods 264
2.1 Production of Pure Ethyl Ester 264
2.2 Density Measurement of Blends and Uncertainty Analysis 264
3 Results and Discussion 265
4 Conclusion 270
References 271
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 272
Comparison and Behavior Analysis in Relation to Autonomy of Urban Driving Cycle for Compact Class Full Electric Vehicle Using ADVISOR Numerical Simulations 273
Abstract 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Experimental Setup 274
2.1 Case Study A 275
2.2 Case Study B 278
2.3 Case Study C 280
3 Conclusions 282
Acknowledgments 283
References 283
Assessment of Life Cycle Cost for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 285
Abstract 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Materials and Methods 289
3 Results and Discussion 291
4 Conclusions 300
Acknowledgments 301
References 301
Numerical Simulation of the Mechanical Models Used for the Coupling of the Power Sources 303
Abstract 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Presentation of the Mechanical System for the Coupling of the Power Sources 303
3 The Equations of Motion of the Planetary Mechanism from the Structure of the Hybrid Automobile 304
4 Mechanical Properties of the Planetary Mechanism 307
5 The External Characteristics of the Motors 307
6 Numerical Simulation 308
7 Conclusions 310
References 310
The Influence Analysis of the Acceleration Regimes on the Specific WLTC Test Cycle Regarding the Fue ... 311
Abstract 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Presentation of the Model 314
3 Results and Discussions 317
4 Conclusions 323
References 323
Analysis of Range Extended Hybrid Vehicle with Rotary Internal Combustion Engine Using AVL Cruise 324
Abstract 324
1 Introduction 324
2 Vehicle Model 325
2.1 Electric Motor Model 326
2.2 Battery 327
2.3 ICE Engine Model 327
3 Simulation and Results 327
4 Conclusion 331
References 331
Optimizing Shifting Schedule and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of a Hybrid Vehicle Based on Dual Clutch Transmission 332
Abstract 332
1 Introduction 332
2 Software Package 333
2.1 Vehicle Model 333
2.2 Shifting Strategy 334
3 Simulation and Results 336
4 Conclusion 339
References 339
Performance Evaluation of an Electric Vehicle in Real Operating Conditions of Quito, Ecuador 340
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 340
1.1 Technical Information 342
1.2 BYD EVA040KS480/01 EV Charger 342
2 Methodology 343
2.1 Test Drive in Combined Conditions (Road and City) 343
3 Results 346
3.1 Analysis of the Energy Consumption in Deep-Cycle 347
3.2 Running Costs 348
4 Conclusions 348
References 349
Van Dynamics Performance Analysis for Different Battery Pack Placement 350
Abstract 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Methodology 351
3 Results 354
4 Conclusions 356
Acknowledgment 357
References 357
Manufacturing Technologies and Materials 358
Considerations on the Usage of the Same Air Filtration System on Different Engine Types 359
Abstract 359
1 Introduction 359
2 Materials and Methods 361
3 Results and Interpretation 362
4 Conclusions 364
Acknowledgments 365
References 365
Designing Hybrid BF/FF Epoxy Based Composites with Tailorable Dielectric Properties 366
Abstract 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Experimental Procedure 367
2.1 Materials Selection and Specimens Manufacturing 367
2.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy (DS) 367
3 Results and Discussions 368
4 Conclusions 371
References 371
A Comparison Approach to Fire Retardancy Behavior on Tailored Hybrid BF/FF Cyanate-Epoxy Composites 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
2 Experimental Procedure 373
2.1 Materials Selection and Specimens Manufacturing 373
2.2 Cone Calorimetry 374
3 Results and Discussions 374
4 Conclusions 378
References 378
Experimental Study on the Influence of Using Pistons with Ceramic Crown on Actual Torque and CO Emission 380
Abstract 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Ceramic Materials and Technologies 381
3 Results and Analysis of Experimental Data 382
4 Conclusions 385
References 385
Comparative Study on the Regeneration of Used Motor Oil 387
Abstract 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Experimental Work 388
2.1 Material Used and Methods 388
2.2 Determination of the Regenerated Oil Properties 389
3 Results. Discussions 389
4 Conclusions 391
References 392
Determination of the Tool’s Trajectory for the Manufacturing of the Profile of a Cam 393
Abstract 393
1 Introduction 393
2 Approximation of the Osculating Circle 394
3 Center of Tool 395
4 Cam Synthesis 397
5 Jarvis March 397
6 Conclusions 398
References 398
Use of Mini-Max Approximation for the Determination of the Dependency Between the Input and Output Parameters for the Automotive Parts Obtained by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 400
Abstract 400
1 Introduction 400
2 The Tchebyshev Polynomials 401
3 Mini-Max Principle 402
4 Numerical Example 403
5 Conclusions 404
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
Dynamic Analysis of a Rotating Structure Manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling 407
Abstract 407
1 Introduction 407
2 3D Scanning Process 407
3 Geometrical Model 408
4 3D Printing 409
5 Numerical Model and Simulation 410
6 Experimental Setup 411
7 Results and Discussion 412
8 Conclusions 413
References 413
Development of a Material Model for the Use in Life-Time Estimate of Structures 415
Abstract 415
1 Introduction 415
2 Tensile Tests 416
3 Numerical Analysis 417
4 X-Ray Measurement of Residual Stress 420
5 Discussions and Conclusions 421
References 422
Re-sintering Influence on Tribological and Structural Characteristics of Iron-Based Composites for A ... 423
Abstract 423
1 Introduction 423
2 Materials and Experimental Procedure 424
3 Results and Discussions 425
3.1 Tribological Characterization 425
3.2 Structural Characterization 427
4 Conclusions 429
Acknowledgment 430
References 430
Estimation of Tribological Properties for Fe-Cu-Graphite-Ni-TiO2 Composites for Automotive Industry 431
Abstract 431
1 Introduction 431
2 Materials and Experimental Procedure 432
2.1 Materials 432
2.2 Experimental Procedure 432
3 Kriging Mathematical Model 433
4 DACE Software 434
5 Results and Discussions 434
6 Conclusions 437
References 437
A Comparative Study on the Comfort and Safety of the Seat Cover Fabrics 439
Abstract 439
1 Introduction 439
2 Experimental Part 440
2.1 Materials 440
2.2 Methods 442
3 Results and Discussion 442
4 Conclusion 445
References 446
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis for the Load Capacity of the Cone Tightening Assemblies 447
Abstract 447
1 Theoretical Consideration 447
2 Experimental Setup and Results 449
3 Finite Element Analysis and Results Comparison 452
4 Conclusions 455
References 455
Optimized Prototyping for the Increasing of Performances of a Design Process 456
Abstract 456
1 State of the Art 456
2 The Rapid Prototyping Process 459
3 Conventional Prototyping 460
4 Presentation and Analysis of Experiments 460
5 Conclusions 463
Acknowledgments 464
References 464
On the Temperature and Chips Types in Milling of an Austenitic Stainless Steel 465
Abstract 465
1 Introduction 465
2 Experimental Procedure 466
2.1 Material 466
2.2 Cutting Conditions 467
2.3 Experimental Installation 467
3 Results 468
3.1 Temperature 468
3.2 Chips Shape 470
4 Conclusion 473
References 473
On the Cutting Tool and Workpiece Temperature in Turning of Titanium Parts Used in Automotive Industry 474
Abstract 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Experimental Procedure 475
2.1 Experimental Installation 475
2.2 Cutting Conditions 476
2.3 Material 476
3 Results 476
4 Conclusions 479
References 480
Influence of Cutting Tool Diameter on Cutting Tool Temperature in Milling of Aluminum Alloys Used in ... 481
Abstract 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Experimental Setup 482
2.1 Cutting Tools 482
2.2 Materials 482
2.3 Experimental Installation 482
3 Results 483
4 Conclusions 486
References 487
Powertrain and Propulsion 488
Effect of Electrode Geometry on Flame Kernel Development in a DI SI Engine 489
Abstract 489
1 Introduction 489
2 Experimental Setup 490
3 Results and Discussion 493
4 Conclusions 499
References 499
Influence of Dwell Time for Double Injection Strategies in a Wall Guided GDI Engine 502
Abstract 502
1 Introduction 502
2 Experimental Apparatus and Measurement Procedures 503
2.1 Engine Set-up 503
2.2 Optical Acquisitions 505
3 Results and Discussion 507
4 Conclusions 509
References 509
Functional Analysis of a Gasoline Injection Engine 511
Abstract 511
1 Experimental Research 511
2 Statistical Analyses of Experimental Data 513
3 Engine’s Energy Efficiency 514
4 The Influence of Functional Factors on Engine Performance 516
5 Static Characteristics of the Engine and Its’ Component Elements 517
6 Mathematical Models of Dynamic Engine Operation 518
7 Conclusions 518
References 519
Drag Phenomena Within a Torque Converter Driven Automotive Transmission - A Turbulent Flow Approach 520
Abstract 520
1 Introduction 520
2 Tests. Paper’s Aim 521
3 Modeling the Phenomenon 522
4 Integrating the Equation of Motion 523
5 Experimental Data 524
6 Conclusions 526
References 527
Potential Performance Characteristics for Different Types of Tractors: Two-Wheel-Drive Tractor, Four-Wheel-Drive Tractors and Crawler Tractors 529
Abstract 529
1 Introduction 529
1.1 A Subsection Sample 529
2 Mathematical Modelling of the Potential Performance Characteristics for Three Types of Tractors: 4?×?2 Tractors, 4?×?4 Tractors and Crawler Tractors 530
3 Conclusions 533
References 534
An Experimental Research on Power Losses into an Automotive Manual Transmission 535
Abstract 535
1 Introduction 535
2 Design of Experiments 536
2.1 Description of Experiments Subject 536
2.2 Experimental Materials and Methodology 537
2.3 Theoretical Backgrounds 538
3 Results and Discussions 539
4 Conclusions 541
References 542
Optimization of Cooling System for Internal Combustion Engines 543
Abstract 543
1 Introduction 543
2 Theoretical Considerations 543
3 Numerical Application 546
4 Conclusions 549
References 549
Availability Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Compression Ignition Engine Combustion 550
Abstract 550
1 Introduction 550
2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 552
3 Results and Discussion 553
4 Conclusions 556
References 557
Usage of Electric Motors/Generators for Engines Supercharging in Order to Increase the Efficiency of ... 558
Abstract 558
1 Introduction 558
1.1 Emission Limits on Vehicles 558
2 Proposal for Improving Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery to the Diesel Engine 559
2.1 The Solution for Increasing the Efficiency of the PWS 560
2.2 Additional Energy Recovery of PWS Evacuated Gases 563
3 Conclusion 564
References 564
A Conventional Approach to Estimate NOx and Soot Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels 566
Abstract 566
1 Introduction 566
2 Empirical Formulas for Emissions Calculation 567
3 Experimental Results 568
4 Preliminary Calculations Results 569
5 Evaluating the Parameters of the Approximation Functions 570
6 Extrapolation of the Results 571
7 Conclusions 573
References 573
Effects of Re-designing of Two-Stroke Engine Fuelled with Gasoline - Ethanol Blend on GHG and Pollutant Emissions 575
Abstract 575
1 Introduction 575
2 The Ethanol Emissions’ Analysis 576
3 Experimental Setup 578
4 Research Results 578
5 Conclusions 582
References 583
Kinematic Analysis of a Variable Compression Ratio Mechanism 584
Abstract 584
1 Introduction 584
2 Analysis of Positions 585
3 Analysis of Velocities 587
4 Analysis of Accelerations 588
5 Multibody Approach 589
6 Numerical Example 590
7 Conclusions 590
References 591
Issues Concerning the Determination of the Correspondence Between Low Pressure Distillation and Gas Chromatography Analysis of Biodiesel. Preliminary Results 592
Abstract 592
1 Introduction 592
2 Experimental Setup 593
2.1 Methodology and Equipment Description 593
2.2 Results and Discussion 595
3 Conclusions and Future Works 599
Abbreviations 599
Abbreviations 599
References 600
Combustion Analysis for Single Cylinder Engine Running on Various Types of Diesel 601
Abstract 601
1 Introduction 601
2 Methodology 602
3 Results 603
4 Conclusions 607
Acknowledgements 608
References 608
Constructive Optimization of a Mechanism of Variable Valve Control 609
Abstract 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Formulation of the Problem of Synthesis 610
3 Synthesis of Cam 611
4 Kinematic Analysis of the Mechanism 613
5 Comparison of the Values Obtained at the Synthesis with Those Imposed at the Kinematic Analysis 614
6 Analysis of the Obtained Results 614
7 Conclusions 615
References 616
Butanol Effects on the Fuelled Diesel Engine Operation with Preheated Diesel Fuel-Animal Fat Blends 617
Abstract 617
1 Introduction 617
2 Methodology 619
3 Results 620
4 Conclusions 623
Acknowledgments 623
References 624
LPG as Alternative Fuel for Clean Automotive Diesel Engines 625
Abstract 625
1 Introduction 625
2 Methodology 626
3 Results 628
4 Conclusions 631
Acknowledgments 632
References 632
LPG—An Alternative Solution to Fuel a Car Diesel Engine 633
Abstract 633
1 Introduction 633
2 Experimental and Theoretical Investigations 634
2.1 Theoretical Investigations 635
2.2 The Experimental Investigations 635
3 Results 637
3.1 The Fuel Consumption 637
3.2 The Nitrogen Oxides Emission Level 637
3.3 Cyclic Variability 638
3.4 The Maximum in Cylinder Pressure and the Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise 639
4 Conclusions 639
Acknowledgement 640
References 640
Modeling the Torque Oscillations During Gear Shifts on Automated Manual Transmission 642
Abstract 642
1 Introduction 642
2 Transmission Configuration and Model Description 643
2.1 Transmission Configuration 643
2.2 Model Description 644
2.3 Gear Shifting Strategy 646
3 Simulation Results 646
4 Conclusion 648
References 649
The Study of the Energetic Performance in Test Cycles Considering a Variable Powertrain Thermal Regime 650
Abstract 650
1 Introduction 650
2 Model Development 651
3 Transmission Efficiency 652
4 Vehicle Speed Fluctuation 653
5 Results 654
5.1 Transmission Performance in Test Cycles 654
5.2 Fuel Consumption 655
6 Conclusions 657
References 658
Thermodynamic Study of Airflow Through the Spark Ignition Engine Intake Manifold 659
Abstract 659
1 Introduction 659
2 Experimental Setup 660
3 Numerical Simulation 662
4 Results and Discussions 664
5 Conclusions 665
References 666
A Pneumatic Propulsion System for Urban Cars 667
Abstract 667
1 Introduction 667
2 The Operation of the Propulsion System 668
3 A Pneumatic Engine with Stepped Torque Adjustment 669
3.1 The Operational Scheme of the Pneumatic Engine 669
3.2 The Constructive Solution of the Torque Step 670
3.3 The Cams Mechanism of the Torque Step 672
4 Conclusions 673
References 674
Dynamic Models for Analyzing a Self-propelled Vehicle for People with Locomotor Disabilities 675
Abstract 675
1 Introduction 675
2 Wheelchair Proposed Design Solution 676
2.1 Structure and Kinematics of Wheelchair Transmission 676
2.2 Static Analysis 677
2.3 Design of Wheelchair CAD Model 678
3 Dynamic Simulation in ADAMS of the Wheelchair Motion 679
3.1 Definition of Gears Contact Parameters 680
4 Conclusion 682
References 683
On the Stability of the Vehicle’s Cornering Motion 684
Abstract 684
1 Introduction 684
2 Vehicle Body Equations in the Theoretical Framework 685
3 The Stability of the Vehicle’s Cornering Motion 686
3.1 The Theoretically Model for the Stability Braking 686
3.2 Some Experimental Results for the Stability Braking 689
4 Conclusions 693
References 693
Study of Brake System Parameters for Commercial Vehicles 694
Abstract 694
1 A Review of Brake System Performance 694
1.1 Heat and Heat Transfer 696
1.2 Materials 698
1.3 Influence of External Factors on Braking Performance 699
2 Discussions and Conclusions 700
References 700
Experimental Research on a Diesel Engine 703
Abstract 703
1 Experimental Equipment 703
2 Static Characteristics 704
3 Mathematical Simulation for Static Characteristics 707
4 Statistics Analysis for Static Characteristics 708
5 Dynamic Study Based on Static Characteristics 709
6 Conclusions 710
References 710
Energy Based Slider-Crank Mathematical Model 712
Abstract 712
1 Introduction 712
2 Energetic Aspects of the Slider-Crank Mechanism 713
3 Energy Driven Kinematics 714
4 Summary 717
References 717
Road Safety, Traffic Control and Transportation Engineering 718
Determination of Some Vehicle Dynamic Performances Using the Dynamometric Roller Chassis 719
Abstract 719
1 Generalities 719
2 Testing Method 720
3 Power Losses Due to Rolling Resistance 722
4 Power Losses in Vehicle Transmission 723
5 Conclusions 725
References 725
Capacity and Traffic Performance Depending on Intersections Design 727
Abstract 727
1 Introduction 727
2 Analyzed Area 728
3 Methodology and Results 729
3.1 Traffic Flows Data Management Methodology 729
3.2 Studied Intersection Characteristics 729
4 Results 731
5 Conclusions 734
References 734
Considerations on Using the Crash Pulse in the Vehicle-Vehicle Collision Assessment 735
Abstract 735
1 Introduction 735
2 Crash Tests and Crash Pulse 736
2.1 The Crash Test 736
2.2 Crash Pulse Metrics 736
3 Experimental Data 738
3.1 Measurement of Crash Pulse 738
3.2 Collision Analysis Based on Crash Pulse 738
3.3 Case Study: Front-Rear Collision of Two Vehicles 738
4 Conclusion 741
References 741
Critical Evaluation of the Pedestrian Walking Distances on the Congested Urban Networks 743
Abstract 743
1 Critical Analysis of Traffic Flows and Urban Congestion 743
1.1 About Traffic Congestion 743
1.2 About Traffic Flows and Fluency 745
1.3 Complexity of Data Needed for Road Traffic Flows Modeling 746
2 Critical Aspect Regarding the Pedestrians in Urban Networks 748
2.1 The Pedestrians’ Movements 748
2.2 Case Studies for Pedestrians’ Movement 750
3 Conclusions 754
References 755
Experimental Research in Case of Car to Pedestrian Collision 756
Abstract 756
1 Introduction 756
2 Methods and Equipment Used 757
3 Results and Discussion 759
4 Conclusions 763
References 763
The Relevance of Public Questionnaires on the Development of Measures to Increase Sustainable Urban Mobility 764
Abstract 764
1 Introduction 764
2 Building the Public Questionnaires 766
3 Conclusions 770
References 771
Traffic Modeling in Urban Congested Areas 772
Abstract 772
1 Introduction 772
2 Traffic Flows in the Study Area 774
3 Simulation of Different Scenarios of Traffic Evolution 774
3.1 Traffic Simulation in the Current Situation 774
3.2 Simulation of Road Traffic in the Forecasted Situation 775
4 Conclusions 779
References 779
Research Regarding on Choosing Optimal Traffic Organization Using Ranking Criteria 781
Abstract 781
1 Introduction 781
2 Intersection Capacity Utilization Index and Delay Measurement Methodology 782
2.1 Intersection Capacity Utilization Index Measurement Methodology 782
2.2 Delay Measurement Methodology 783
3 Analysis of the Intersection: Manastur Street – Campului Street in Cluj-Napoca City 784
3.1 The Analyzed Intersection 784
3.2 Measurement Results and Modeling of the Intersection 785
3.3 The Results Analysis 787
3.3.1 Analytical Method for Calculating Delays 788
4 Conclusions 788
References 789
On the Management of Activity of Technical Control of Motorvehicles 790
Abstract 790
1 Introduction 790
2 On Overview of the Current State 791
3 Discussion 793
4 Conclusions 795
References 795
Explanatory Models of the Weather Factors’ Influence on Road Traffic Accidents Produced in Romania in Different Road’s Features 797
Abstract 797
1 Introduction 797
2 Materials and Methods 798
3 Results and Discussion 801
3.1 The Number of Monthly Accidents That Cause Injuries (NACC) 801
3.2 Accident in Alignments (FC) 802
3.3 Accidents in Curves 803
3.4 Accidents in Intersections 803
4 Conclusions 803
References 804
The Monitoring of the Submarine Effect in Frontal Collisions, at Different Impact Speeds and for the Driver’s Out of Position Instances 805
Abstract 805
1 Introduction 805
2 Method and Simulation 806
2.1 Prototyping the Complex Dummy-Seat-Safety Systems Assembly 807
2.2 Setting the Positions Analyzed for the Dummy and the Prescribed Motion for the Vehicle 808
3 Results and Discussion 809
4 Conclusions 812
References 812
Influences of the Suspensions Characteristics on the Vehicle Stability 814
Abstract 814
1 Introduction 814
2 Materials and Methods 815
3 Results 817
4 Conclusions 819
Acknowledgment 819
References 819
Evaluation of the Vehicle Sideslip Angle According to Different Road Conditions 820
Abstract 820
1 Introduction 820
2 Materials and Methods 821
3 Results 823
4 Conclusions 824
Acknowledgements 824
References 825
The Overlap Influence in Case of a Car-to-Pedestrian Accident 826
Abstract 826
1 Introduction 826
2 Methodology 827
3 Results and Discussion 830
4 Conclusion 833
References 833
Analysis of Car-Cyclist Accidents Occurring at Relative Medium and High Vehicle Speed 834
Abstract 834
1 Introduction 834
2 Materials, Methodology and Data Collection 837
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 838
4 Conclusions 840
Acknowledgements 841
References 841
A Comparative Analysis of the Road Noise Immission Models 843
Abstract 843
1 Introduction 843
2 Evolution of Road Noise Prediction Models 844
3 Research Conducted to Predict the Immitted Road Noise 846
3.1 The Level of Noise Function of the Volume of Traffic (Light Traffic, Only During Daytime) 847
3.2 The Level of Noise Function of the Volume of Traffic (Light Traffic, Only During Night Time) 847
3.3 The Level of Noise Function of the Volume of Traffic (Composite Traffic, with the Presence of Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Only During Daytime) 848
3.4 The Ldn Noise Level According to the Height of the Façade Where the Road Noise Is Received 848
3.5 The Noise Level According to the Percentage of Heavy-Duty Vehicles, % HV, for Daytime Composite Traffic and Night Time Light Traffic, with Different Average Speeds 849
4 Conclusions: The Proposal of an Integrated Model for Predicting the Road Noise that is Immitted 851
References 852
The Significance and Effect of the Traffic System Signaling to the Environment, Present and Future Traffic 853
Abstract 853
1 Introduction 853
2 Significance of Currently Used Traffic Signs 854
2.1 Traffic Lanes and Road Markings 854
2.2 Road Restraint Systems 855
2.3 Traffic Signs 855
2.4 Traffic Control Signaling Devices 856
3 Traffic Signs Recognition Possibilities 857
4 New Traffic Signs Options with Autonomous Vehicles 858
5 Conclusion 860
Acknowledgment 861
References 861
Author Index 863