High-Voltage Test and Measuring Techniques (eBook)

Wolfgang Hauschild received the Diploma degree in 1965, the Ph.D. in1970 and the habilitation (university lecturing qualification) in 1976 from the Technical University (TU) of Dresden, Germany. In 2007 he became doctor honoris causa of the Technical University of Graz, Austria. From 1966 to 1979 he was a researcher of TU Dresden managing a research group on SF6 insulation. In 1976/1977 Dr. Hauschild was a guest professor at Damascus University, Syria, and responsible for the erection of a large HV laboratory there. In 1980 he moved to industry and has been in leading positions of HV test equipment production in Dresden, from 1990 to 2007 as the Technical Director of HIGHVOLT Prüftechnik Dresden GmbH. After retirement he is still active as a consultant. Dr. Hauschild was German speaker to IEC TC 42 (HV test technique) from 1995 to 2009 and is a member of IEEE, VDE and CIGRE. He published two books and numerous papers on HV engineering, especially HV testing. Mailing address: Dr. Wolfgang HauschildHegereiterstraße 20 01324 DRESDENGermany Telephone +49 351 268 6016 e-Mail: hauschild@highvolt.de Eberhard Lemke graduated from the Technical University (TU) Dresden in 1962 where he was involved in research and education in the field of high voltage engineering for more than three decades and received the PhD degree and Dr.sc.techn. degree in 1967 and 1975, respectively. In 2010 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (Dr.h.c) from the Technical University Graz, Austria. From 1978 until 1981 he joined a power cable factory in Germany. During this time he developed the so-called Lemke Probe using the non-conventional field coupling mode for PD diagnostics of HV apparatus in service. In 1987 he was appointed Professor at TU Dresden and founded the company Lemke Diagnostics GmbH in 1990 which manufactures among others instruments for PD diagnostics of HV equipment. Eberhard Lemke is author and co-author of several text-books. He published numerous technical papers, holds various patents and is active in several national and international organizations, such as VDE, CIGRE, IEC, and IEEE.  Mailing Address: Prof. Dr. Eberhard LemkeArgenbühler Str.  1101471 RADEBURGGermanyTelphone: +49 35208 91778E-Mail: lemke@doble-lemke.eu

Foreword to the First Edition 5
Preface to the First Edition 7
Preface to the Second Edition 9
Acknowledgement 10
Contents 11
Abbreviations 17
Symbols 19
1 Introduction 23
Abstract 23
1.1 Development of Power Systems and Required High-Voltage Test Systems 23
1.2 The International Electrotechnical Commission and Its Standards 28
1.3 Insulation Coordination and Its Verification by HV Testing 30
1.4 Tests and Measurements in the Life Cycle of Power Equipment 35
2 Basics of High-Voltage Test Techniques 38
Abstract 38
2.1 External and Internal Insulations in the Electric Field 38
2.1.1 Principles and Definitions 38
2.1.2 HV Dry Tests on External Insulation Including Atmospheric Correction Factors 40
2.1.3 HV Artificial Rain Tests on External Insulation 45
2.1.4 HV Artificial Pollution Tests on External Insulation 47
2.1.5 Hints to Further Environmental Tests and HV Tests of Apparatus 50
2.1.6 HV Tests on Internal Insulation 50
2.2 HV Test Systems and Their Components 50
2.3 HV Measurement and Estimation of the Measuring Uncertainty 54
2.3.1 HV Measuring Systems and Their Components 55
2.3.2 Approval of a HV Measuring System for an Accredited HV Test Field 58
2.3.3 Calibration by Comparison with a Reference Measuring System 60
2.3.4 Estimation of the Uncertainty of HV Measurements 63
2.3.4.1 Non-linearity Effect (Linearity Test) 65
2.3.4.2 Dynamic Behaviour Effect 67
2.3.4.3 Short-Term Stability Effect 67
2.3.4.4 Long-Term Stability Effect 68
2.3.4.5 Ambient Temperature Effect 68
2.3.4.6 Proximity Effect 68
2.3.4.7 Software Effect 68
2.3.4.8 Determination of Expanded Uncertainties 69
2.3.4.9 Uncertainty of Time Parameter Calibration 71
2.3.5 HV Measurement by Standard Air Gaps According to IEC 60052:2002 72
2.3.6 Field Probes for Measurement of High Voltages and Electric Field Gradients 76
2.4 Breakdown and Withstand Voltage Tests and Their Statistical Treatment 81
2.4.1 Random Variables and the Consequences 81
2.4.2 HV Tests Using the Progressive Stress Method 86
2.4.3 HV Tests Using the Multiple-Level Method 92
2.4.4 HV Tests for Selected Quantiles Using Up-and-Down Methods 94
2.4.5 Statistical Treatment of Life-Time Tests 98
2.4.6 Standardized Withstand Voltage Tests 99
2.4.7 The Enlargement Laws 102
2.4.7.1 Statistical Fundamentals 102
2.4.7.2 Consequences of Enlargement 103
3 Tests with High Alternating Voltages 109
Abstract 109
3.1 Generation of HVAC Test Voltages 109
3.1.1 HVAC Test Systems Based on Test Transformers (ACT) 110
3.1.1.1 General Principle 110
3.1.1.2 Tank-Type Test Transformers 115
3.1.1.3 Cylinder-Type Test Transformers 118
3.1.1.4 Test Transformers with SF6-Impregnated Foil or Solid Insulation 121
3.1.1.5 Test Transformer Cascades 122
3.1.2 HVAC Test Systems Based on Resonant Circuits (ACR) 125
3.1.2.1 Principles of Resonant Circuits 125
3.1.2.2 Inductance-Tuned Resonant Circuits of Fixed Frequency (ACRL) 129
3.1.2.3 Frequency-Tuned Resonant Circuits of Variable Frequency (ACRF) 135
3.1.2.4 Comparison of ACRL and ACRF Test Systems 140
3.1.3 HVAC Test Systems for Induced Voltage Tests of Transformers (ACIT) 143
3.1.4 HVAC Test Systems of Variable Frequencies Based on Transformers (ACTF) 147
3.2 Requirements to AC Test Voltages and Selection of HVAC Test Systems 148
3.2.1 Requirements to AC Test Voltages 148
3.2.2 Test Systems for Multi-purpose Application 152
3.2.3 AC Resonant Test Systems (ACRL ACRF) for Capacitive Test Objects
3.2.4 HVAC Test Systems for Resistive Test Objects 161
3.2.4.1 HVAC Test Systems for Artificial Pollution Tests 161
3.2.4.2 HVAC Test Systems for Artificial Rain Tests 165
3.2.5 HVAC Test Systems for Inductive Test Objects: Transformer Testing 165
3.3 Procedures and Evaluation of HVAC Tests 167
3.3.1 HVAC Tests for Research and Development 168
3.3.2 HVAC Quality Acceptance Tests and Diagnostic Tests 171
3.4 HVAC Test Voltage Measurement 172
3.4.1 Voltage Dividers 175
3.4.2 Measuring Instruments 182
3.4.3 Requirements for Approved Measuring Systems 185
4 Partial Discharge Measurement 188
Abstract 188
4.1 Fundamentals 188
4.1.1 PD Occurrence 188
4.1.2 PD Quantities 192
4.2 PD Models 198
4.2.1 Network-Based PD Model 199
4.2.2 Dipole-Based PD Model 202
4.3 PD Pulse Charge Measurement 209
4.3.1 Decoupling of PD Signals 209
4.3.2 PD Measuring Circuits According to IEC 60270 212
4.3.3 PD Signal Processing 213
4.3.4 PD Measuring Instruments 218
4.3.4.1 General 218
4.3.4.2 Analogue PD Instruments 219
4.3.4.3 Digital PD Instruments 221
4.3.5 Calibration of PD Measuring Circuits 223
4.3.6 Performance Tests of PD Calibrators 227
4.3.7 Maintaining the Characteristics of PD Measuring Systems 229
4.3.8 PD Test Procedure 232
4.4 PD Fault Localization 235
4.5 Noise Reduction 241
4.5.1 Sources and Signatures of Noises 241
4.5.2 Noise Reduction Tools 241
4.6 Visualization of PD Events 250
4.7 PD Detection in the VHF/UHF Range 256
4.7.1 General 256
4.7.2 Design of PD Couplers 256
4.7.2.1 Capacitive PD Couplers 256
4.7.2.2 Inductive PD Couplers 258
4.7.2.3 Electromagnetic PD Couplers 259
4.7.3 Basic Principles of PD Detection in the VHF/UHF Range 262
4.7.4 Comparability and Reproducibility of UHF/VHF PD Detection Methods 264
4.8 Acoustic PD Detection 266
5 Measurement of Dielectric Properties 271
Abstract 271
5.1 Dielectric Response Measurements 271
5.2 Loss Factor and Capacitance Measurement 278
5.2.1 Schering Bridge 280
5.2.2 Automatic C-tan? Bridges 284
6 Tests with High Direct Voltages 289
Abstract 289
6.1 Circuits for the Generation of HVDC Test Voltages 289
6.1.1 Half-Wave Rectification (One-Phase, One-Pulse Circuit) 290
6.1.2 Doubler and Multiplier Circuits (Greinacher/Cockcroft-Walton Cascades) 292
6.1.3 Multiplier Circuits for Higher Currents 295
6.1.4 Multiplier Circuits with Cascaded Transformers (Delon Circuits) 297
6.2 Requirements to HVDC Test Voltages 301
6.2.1 Requirements to HVDC Test Voltages 302
6.2.2 General Requirements to Components of HVDC Test Systems 303
6.2.2.1 Protection Against Transient Stresses 303
6.2.2.2 Polarity Reversal and Switch-off 304
6.2.2.3 Voltage Control, Selection of Smoothing Capacitances and Frequency 306
6.2.3 Interaction Between HVDC Test System and Test Object 307
6.2.3.1 Capacitive Test Objects 307
6.2.3.2 Resistive Test Objects (Wet and Pollution Tests) 311
6.2.3.3 Corona Cages and HVDC Test Lines 315
6.3 Procedures and Evaluation of HVDC Tests 316
6.4 HVDC Test Voltage Measurement 317
6.5 PD Measurement at DC Test Voltages 322
7 Tests with High Lightning and Switching Impulse Voltages 328
Abstract 328
7.1 Generation of Impulse Test Voltages 328
7.1.1 Classification of Impulse Test Voltages 328
7.1.2 Basic and Multiplier Circuits for Standard LI/SI Test Voltages 331
7.1.2.1 Basic RC Circuit 331
7.1.2.2 Multiplier RC Circuit 333
7.1.2.3 Consideration of the Inductance in the Circuit 336
7.1.2.4 Some Details of the Design of Impulse Voltage Test Systems 339
7.1.3 Circuits for Oscillating Impulse Voltages 346
7.1.4 OSI Test Voltage Generation by Transformers 349
7.1.5 Circuits for Very Fast Front (VFF) Impulse Voltages and Solid-State Generators 352
7.2 Requirements to LI/SI Test Systems and Selection of Impulse Voltage Test Systems 355
7.2.1 LI Test Voltage and the Phenomenon of Over-Shoot 355
7.2.1.1 Requirements of IEC 60060-1 and IEEE Std. 4 to Standard LI Voltages 1.2/50 355
7.2.1.2 Situation and Future of the Treatment of Over-Shoot 360
7.2.1.3 Interaction Between HVLI Test System and Test Object 365
7.2.2 SI Test Voltages 369
7.2.2.1 Requirements of IEC 60060-1 and IEEE Std. 4 369
7.2.2.2 Interaction Between HVSI Test System and Test Object 371
7.3 Procedures and Evaluation of LI/SI Voltage Tests 372
7.3.1 Breakdown Voltage Tests for Research and Development 372
7.3.2 LI/SI Quality Acceptance Tests 373
7.4 Measurement of LI and SI Test Voltages 377
7.4.1 Dynamic Behaviour of Voltage Dividers 377
7.4.2 Design of Voltage Dividers 384
7.4.2.1 Resistive Voltage Dividers 384
7.4.2.2 Damped Capacitive Dividers 387
7.4.3 Digital Recorders 391
7.5 Measurement of High Currents in LI Voltage Tests 398
7.5.1 Resistive Converting Device (Shunt) 399
7.5.2 Inductive Converting Device (Rogowski Coil) 402
7.6 PD Measurement at Impulse Voltages 404
7.6.1 SI Test Voltages 405
7.6.2 DAC Test Voltages 407
7.6.3 Short Impulse Voltages (LI and VFF Test Voltages) 411
8 Tests with Combined and Composite Voltages 417
Abstract 417
8.1 Combined Test Voltage 417
8.1.1 Generation of Combined Test Voltages 418
8.1.2 Requirements to Combined Test Voltages 420
8.1.3 Measurement of Combined Test Voltages 421
8.1.4 Examples for Combined Voltage Tests 421
8.2 Composite Voltages 422
8.2.1 Generation and Requirements 422
8.2.2 Measurement of Composite Test Voltages 424
8.2.3 Examples for Composite Voltage Tests 424
9 High-Voltage Test Laboratories 428
Abstract 428
9.1 Requirements and Selection of HV Test Systems 428
9.1.1 Objective of a Test Field 428
9.1.2 Selection of Test Equipment 430
9.1.3 Clearances and Test Area 432
9.1.4 Control, Measurement and Communication 436
9.2 HV Test Building Design 438
9.2.1 Required Rooms and Principle Design 438
9.2.2 Grounding and Shielding 444
9.2.3 Power Supply and High-Frequency Filtering 448
9.2.4 Auxiliary Equipment for HV Testing 449
9.2.5 Auxiliary Equipment and Transportation Facilities 451
9.2.5.1 Lighting 451
9.2.5.2 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 452
9.2.5.3 Transportation Facilities 453
9.2.5.4 Technical Media 456
9.2.5.5 Fire and Environmental Protection 456
9.2.6 Safety Measures 457
9.2.6.1 Safety in HV Test Fields and Areas 457
9.2.6.2 Safety of HV Test Systems 459
9.2.6.3 Operation of HV Test Systems 460
9.3 Outdoor HV Test Fields 461
9.4 Updating of Existing HV Test Fields 463
9.4.1 Updating of HV Test Systems 464
9.4.2 Improvement of HV Test Rooms 464
10 High-Voltage Testing on Site 466
Abstract 466
10.1 General Requirements to HV Test Systems Used on Site 466
10.1.1 Quality Acceptance Tests 466
10.1.2 Diagnostic Tests 469
10.1.3 Overall Design of Mobile HV Test Systems 470
10.2 Test Voltages Applied on Site 472
10.2.1 Voltages for Withstand Tests 472
10.2.1.1 Alternating Voltage of the Power Frequency Range (HVAC) 472
10.2.1.2 High Direct Voltage 475
10.2.1.3 Impulse Voltage (LI, OLI, SI, OSI) 477
10.2.2 Voltages for Special Tests and Measurements 478
10.2.2.1 Very Low Frequency Voltage 478
10.2.2.2 Damped Alternating Voltage 480
10.3 PD Measurement and Diagnostics on Site 483
10.4 Examples for On-Site Test 486
10.4.1 Testing of Gas-Insulated Systems (GIS, GIL) 486
10.4.1.1 Some Basics 486
10.4.1.2 Acceptance Tests on HVAC GIS 487
10.4.1.3 PD Measurement for Acceptance Tests and Diagnostics 491
10.4.1.4 On-Site Testing of HVDC Gas-Insulated Systems 494
10.4.2 Testing of Cable Systems 494
10.4.2.1 History of DC Voltage Testing of AC LIP Cable Systems 494
10.4.2.2 Testing of Medium-Voltage AC Cable Systems with Extruded Insulation 496
10.4.2.3 Testing of HV and EHV AC Cable Systems with Extruded Insulation 497
10.4.2.4 Testing of HVDC Cable Systems with Extruded Insulation 500
10.4.2.5 Testing of AC and DC Submarine Cable Systems with Extruded Insulation 501
10.4.2.6 PD Testing of Cable Systems 503
10.4.3 Testing of Power Transformers 506
10.4.3.1 Quality Acceptance Testing 507
10.4.3.2 PD Measurement in HV Tests and PD Monitoring 511
10.4.4 Testing of Rotating Machines 515
Biography of W. Hauschild 522
Biography of E. Lemke 523
References 524
Index 551