Building Information Modeling (eBook)

André Borrmann is Full Professor for Computational Modeling and Simulation, and Chairman of the Center of Digital Methods for the Built Environment at Technische Universität München. His research focuses on the technological aspects of Building Information Modeling. Professor Borrmann is currently chairing the German Association of Computing in Civil Engineering (GACCE). He is advising the German government concerning its BIM roadmap and is actively supporting the construction industry’s shift towards the adoption of advanced digital technology. Related to this, he is pushing forward the international standardization activities of buildingSMART.Markus König is Full Professor for Computing in Engineering at Ruhr-Universität Bochum. His research interests include building information modeling, lean construction, simulation-based scheduling, knowledge management, internet of things as well as virtual and augmented reality. He supported the development of the “Road Map for Digital Design and Construction” for the German government and is now co-responsible for its implementation by 2020. Professor König established the first BIM Professional certification program in Germany and initiated various practical BIM networks in Germany.Christian Koch is Full Professor and Chair of Intelligent Technical Design, and Course Director of the M.Sc. Program Digital Engineering at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. His research and teaching interests are in the foundations and applications of modern information and communication technology (ICT) during the design, the construction and the operation of civil infrastructure using methods of Building Information Modeling (BIM), Computer Vision and Machine Learning as well as Virtual and Augmented Reality.Jakob Beetz works as a full professor for Computational Design at the Department of Architecture of the RWTH Aachen University, Germany. He has been active in numerous international research, development and standardization efforts in the fields of Building Information Modeling, Computer Supported Collaborative Work, Interoperability, Linked Data and Semantic Web. He is a co-founder of the Open Source model server platform bimserver.org and worked on the development of the Linked Data representation of the Industry Foundation Classes ifcOWL and its standardization.

Preface 5
Contents 8
Acronyms 21
1 Building Information Modeling: Why? What? How? 24
1.1 Building Information Modeling: Why? 25
1.2 Building Information Modeling: What? 27
1.2.1 BIM in the Design Development Phase 29
1.2.2 BIM in the Construction Phase 32
1.2.3 BIM in the Operation Phase 33
1.2.4 Level of Development 33
1.3 Building Information Modeling: How? 34
1.3.1 Little BIM vs. BIG BIM, Closed BIM vs. Open BIM 34
1.3.2 BIM Maturity Levels 36
1.3.3 BIM Project Execution 38
1.3.4 BIM Roles and Professions 39
1.4 State of BIM Adoption 40
1.5 Summary 43
References 44
Part I Technological Foundations 48
2 Principles of Geometric Modeling 49
2.1 Geometric Modeling in the Context of BIM 49
2.2 Solid Modeling 51
2.2.1 Explicit Modeling 51
2.2.1.1 Boundary Representation Methods 51
2.2.1.2 Triangulated Surface Modeling 53
2.2.2 Implicit Modeling 54
2.2.2.1 Constructive Solid Geometry 54
2.2.2.2 Extrusion and Rotation Methods 55
2.2.3 A Comparison of Explicit and Implicit Methods 56
2.3 Parametric Modeling 57
2.4 Freeform Curves and Surfaces 59
2.4.1 Freeform Curves 59
2.4.2 Freeform Surfaces 61
2.5 Further Reading 62
2.6 Summary 62
References 63
3 Data Modeling 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Workflow of Data Modeling 65
3.3 Data Modeling Notations and Languages 66
3.3.1 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) 66
3.3.2 Unified Modeling Language (UML) 67
3.3.3 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 68
3.4 Data Modeling Concepts 69
3.4.1 Entities and Entity Types 69
3.4.2 Attributes 70
3.4.2.1 Relationship Modeling 71
3.4.2.2 Object-Oriented Modeling 72
3.4.2.3 XML Data Modeling 73
3.4.3 Relations and Associations 74
3.4.3.1 Entity Relationship Modeling 74
3.4.3.2 Object-Oriented Modeling 75
3.4.3.3 XML Data Modeling 77
3.4.4 Aggregations and Compositions 77
3.4.5 Specialization and Generalization (Inheritance) 79
3.4.5.1 Object-Oriented Modeling 79
3.4.5.2 XML Data Modeling 80
3.5 Challenges of Data Modeling in AEC/FM 81
3.6 Summary 82
References 83
4 Process Modeling 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Workflow Management 86
4.3 Process Modeling 88
4.3.1 Integration Definition for Function Modeling 89
4.3.2 Business Process Modeling and Notation 90
4.3.2.1 Flow Objects 90
4.3.2.2 Pools and Swim Lanes 92
4.3.2.3 Connecting Objects 93
4.3.2.4 Artifacts 93
4.4 Workflow Management Systems 95
4.5 Execution Processes 96
4.6 Summary 98
References 98
Part II Interoperability in AEC 100
5 Industry Foundation Classes: A Standardized Data Model for the Vendor-Neutral Exchange of Digital Building Models 101
5.1 Background 101
5.2 History of the IFC Data Model 104
5.3 EXPRESS: A Data Modeling Language for the IFC Standard 106
5.4 Organization in Layers 108
5.4.1 Core Layer 108
5.4.2 Interoperability Layer 110
5.4.3 Domain Layer 110
5.4.4 Resource Layer 110
5.5 Inheritance Hierarchy 111
5.5.1 IfcRoot and Its Direct Subclasses 112
5.5.2 IfcObject and Its Direct Subclasses 112
5.5.3 IfcProduct and Its Direct Subclasses 113
5.6 Object Relationships 113
5.6.1 General Concept 113
5.6.2 Spatial Aggregation Hierarchy 115
5.6.3 Relationships Between Spaces and Their Bounding Elements 116
5.6.4 Specifying Materials 118
5.7 Geometric Representations 121
5.7.1 Division Between Semantic Description and Geometric Representation 121
5.7.2 Forms of Geometric Description 121
5.7.2.1 Points, Vectors, Directions 122
5.7.2.2 Curves in 2D and 3D 122
5.7.2.3 Bounding Box 122
5.7.2.4 Surface Model 122
5.7.2.5 Triangulated Surface Descriptions/Tessellation 123
5.7.2.6 Solid Modeling 124
5.7.2.7 Boundary Representation 125
5.7.2.8 Constructive Solid Geometry 127
5.7.2.9 Clipping 128
5.7.2.10 Rotation, Extrusion and Swept Solids 128
5.7.3 Relative Positioning 130
5.8 Extension Mechanisms: Property Sets and Proxies 132
5.9 Typification of Building Elements 134
5.10 Example: HelloWall.ifc 136
5.11 ifcXML 142
5.12 Summary 143
References 145
6 Process-Based Definition of Model Content 147
6.1 Overview 147
6.2 Information Delivery Manuals and Model View Definitions 148
6.2.1 Process Maps 151
6.2.2 Exchange Requirements 152
6.2.3 Model View Definitions 152
6.2.4 Level of Development 156
6.3 Summary 157
References 158
7 IFC Certification of BIM Software 159
7.1 The Aims of buildingSMART Software Certification 159
7.2 Expectations of Software Certification 160
7.3 The Principles of IFC Software Certification 163
7.3.1 IDM and MVD 163
7.3.2 Test Descriptions and Calibration Files 164
7.3.3 GTDS Web Platform 165
7.4 The Process of Software Certification 167
7.4.1 Export Certification 167
7.4.2 Import Certification 168
7.5 Further Aspects of Software Certification 168
7.5.1 Costs 168
7.5.2 Transparency and Reproducibility 168
7.5.3 The Role of mvdXML 169
7.5.4 The Importance of Software Certification for BIM 169
7.6 Outlook 169
7.7 Summary 172
References 173
8 Structured Vocabularies in Construction: Classifications, Taxonomies and Ontologies 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Applications of Structured Vocabularies 175
8.3 Foundations of Structured Vocabularies 177
8.3.1 Shared Dictionaries 177
8.3.2 Classification Systems 178
8.3.3 Ontologies 179
8.4 Technical Implementations of Structured Vocabularies 179
8.4.1 Classification Tables 179
8.4.2 ISO 12006 and bSDD 180
8.4.3 Semantic Web and Linked Data 180
8.5 Summary 183
References 184
9 COBie: A Specification for the Construction Operations Building Information Exchange 185
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Information Exchange Projects in the NBIMS 187
9.3 Workflows and Technologies Behind COBie 187
9.3.1 Identify Requirements 187
9.3.2 COBie File Formats 189
9.3.3 Workflow of Data Transfer 190
9.3.4 Content of a COBie Spreadsheet File 192
9.3.5 File Format COBieLite 194
9.3.6 Structure and Content of a COBieLite File 195
9.4 Implementation Status 196
9.5 Summary 197
References 198
10 Linked Data 199
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Concepts of Linked Data and the Semantic Web 200
10.3 Technology: The Semantic Web Stack 202
10.4 Linked Data in AEC/FM 204
10.5 Multiple Interlinked Models 206
10.6 Dynamic, Semantic Model Extensions 209
10.7 Querying and Reasoning 212
10.8 Summary 213
References 214
11 Modeling Cities and Landscapes in 3D with CityGML 216
11.1 Introduction 216
11.2 What Is CityGML? A Short Introduction 218
11.2.1 Implementation 218
11.2.2 Geometry 219
11.3 LoD in CityGML 219
11.4 Validation of CityGML Datasets 221
11.5 Viewing CityGML Data Over the Web 223
11.6 Applications of 3D City Models 225
11.7 BIM and 3D GIS Integrations: IFC and CityGML 226
11.8 BIM and 3D GIS: BIM gbXML and CityGML 228
11.9 Summary 229
References 230
12 BIM Programming 233
12.1 Introduction 233
12.2 Procedures for Accessing Data in the STEP Format 234
12.2.1 Early Binding 234
12.2.2 Late Binding 236
12.3 Accessing XML Encoded IFC Data 238
12.4 Interpretation of IFC Geometry Information 239
12.5 Add-In Development for Commercial BIM Applications 242
12.6 Cloud-Based Platforms 243
12.7 Visual Programming 244
12.8 Summary 246
References 247
Part III BIM-Based Collaboration 248
13 BIM Project Management 249
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 Participants and Perspectives 251
13.3 Information Requirements and Models 252
13.3.1 Organizational Information Requirements 253
13.3.2 Project Information Requirements/Model 253
13.3.3 Asset Information Requirements/Model 254
13.3.4 Exchange Information Requirements 254
13.3.5 Information Requirements Over the Asset LifeCycle 254
13.3.6 BIM Execution Plan 255
13.3.7 Task Information Delivery Plan 256
13.3.8 Master Information Delivery Plan 257
13.4 Collaborative Production of Information 257
13.4.1 Information Management in the Project DeliveryPhase 257
13.4.2 Roles During the Production of Information 260
13.5 Container-Based Collaboration 262
13.6 Summary 263
References 263
14 Collaborative Data Management 264
14.1 Introduction 265
14.2 BIM Information Resources 266
14.2.1 Metadata 266
14.2.2 Level of Aggregation 267
14.2.3 Digital Building Models 267
14.2.4 Information in Model Coordination and Model Management 270
14.3 The Requirements of Cooperative Data Management 272
14.4 Communication and Cooperation 273
14.4.1 Concurrency Control 275
14.4.2 Roles and Rights 277
14.4.3 Versioning 278
14.4.4 Approval and Archiving 280
14.5 Software Systems for Collaborative Work Using BIM Data 281
14.5.1 Common File Repository 281
14.5.2 Document Management Systems 282
14.5.3 Internet-Based Project Platforms 283
14.5.4 Product Data Management Systems 284
14.5.5 Proprietary BIM Servers 285
14.5.6 Product Model Servers 286
14.6 Summary 288
References 289
15 Common Data Environment 291
15.1 Introduction 292
15.2 Basic Technical Aspects 293
15.2.1 Data Repository 294
15.2.2 Data Structuring 295
15.2.3 Access Rights Administration 298
15.2.4 Workflows and Information Delivery 298
15.2.5 Version and Documentation Management 299
15.2.6 Status Management 299
15.2.7 Filtering 300
15.2.8 Project Communication 301
15.2.9 Quality Checks and Maintaining Model Quality 301
15.3 Summary 303
References 303
16 BIM Manager 304
16.1 BIM Manager: A New Role 304
16.2 The BIM Manager as a Key to Success 306
16.3 Tasks of a BIM Manager 307
16.4 Competences of a BIM Manager 309
16.5 Distinction Between BIM Manager and Other BIM Functions 309
16.6 The BIM Manager's Place in the Project Organization 310
16.7 Summary 312
References 313
17 Integrating BIM in Construction Contracts 314
17.1 Introduction 314
17.2 Contract Systems 315
17.3 Work Organisation and Process Details 317
17.4 Rights to Data 319
17.5 Liability 320
17.6 BIM Management 322
17.7 Summary 323
References 324
Part IV BIM Use Cases 326
18 BIM-Based Design Coordination 327
18.1 Model Support in Coordination 327
18.2 Clash Detection 328
18.3 4D Construction Process Animation 332
18.4 Model Checking 336
18.5 Summary 337
19 BIM for Structural Engineering 338
19.1 Introduction 338
19.2 Geometric and Analytical Model 338
19.3 Structural Engineering Workflow 339
19.3.1 Advance Planning, Structural Engineering Drafting 339
19.3.2 Permitting Planning 340
19.3.3 Construction Planning 342
19.3.3.1 Formwork Drawings 342
19.3.3.2 Reinforcement Model 342
19.3.3.3 Reinforcement Drawings 343
19.4 Summary 344
20 BIM for Energy Analysis 346
20.1 Problem Description and Definition 346
20.2 Energy Demand Calculation and Building ServicesEngineering 347
20.3 Data Exchange and Software-Support 348
20.3.1 Formats for the Exchange of Energy-Related Building and Facility Data Using BIM 348
20.3.2 Required Definitions 349
20.3.3 Software-Support for the Tasks of Dimensioning, Energy Demand Calculation, and Building Simulation 350
20.4 Process Chain: Use of BIM for the Tasks of Energy Demand Calculation and Building Simulation 352
20.5 Summary 354
References 355
21 BIM for Construction Safety and Health 357
21.1 Introduction 357
21.2 Accident Statistics and Root Causes 358
21.3 Legal Obligations and Responsibilities Differ by Country 360
21.4 Problems in the State-of-the-Art Safety Planning 361
21.5 Integrating BIM in the Safety Planning Process 363
21.6 Safety and BIM in the Project Lifecycle 364
21.7 Safety Rule Checking in BIM 365
21.8 Real World Applications of Safety Rule Checking in BIM 367
21.9 Return on Investment 369
21.10 The Future Role of BIM in Safety and Health Planning 370
21.11 Summary 371
References 372
22 BIM-Based Code Compliance Checking 374
22.1 Introduction 374
22.2 Challenges of Automated Code Compliance Checking 376
22.3 Formal and Content-Related Correctness of Building Models 378
22.4 Selected Software Products 379
22.4.1 CORENET 380
22.4.2 Jotne Express Data Manager 381
22.4.3 BIM Assure 382
22.4.4 Solibri Model Checker 382
22.5 Current Research 384
22.6 Summary 386
References 387
23 BIM-Based Quantity Take-Off 389
23.1 Introduction 389
23.2 Work Breakdown Structure 390
23.3 Modeling Guidelines for QTO 391
23.4 Data Modeling for QTO 393
23.5 Work Flow of BIM-Based QTO 394
23.6 Summary 396
References 397
24 Building Surveying for As-Built Modeling 398
24.1 Introduction 398
24.2 Coordinate System 400
24.3 Manual Surveying 402
24.4 Tacheometry 404
24.5 Photogrammetry 406
24.5.1 Single Image Photogrammetry 406
24.5.2 Multi-image Photogrammetry 407
24.5.3 Stereo Photogrammetry 408
24.5.4 UAV Photogrammetry 410
24.6 Terrestrial Laser Scanning 411
24.6.1 Laser Scanning in Combinationwith Photogrammetry 414
24.7 Summary 415
References 416
25 BIM in Industrial Prefabrication for Construction 417
25.1 Industrial Production in the Building Sector 417
25.2 Production Models for Digital Production Methods 419
25.2.1 CAD-CAM Process Schema 419
25.2.2 Requirements for Production Models 420
25.3 Object-Oriented CAD Systems in Manufacturing 420
25.4 Further Aspects of Industrial Prefabrication 422
25.4.1 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Systems 423
25.4.2 Computer-Aided Quality (CAQ) Management 423
25.4.3 Additive Manufacturing (AM) Techniques 423
25.5 Summary 424
References 424
26 BIM for 3D Printing in Construction 425
26.1 Introduction 426
26.2 Background on 3D Printing 427
26.2.1 Principles of 3D Printing 427
26.2.1.1 Stereolithography (SLA) 427
26.2.1.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 428
26.2.1.3 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 429
26.2.1.4 Powder Bed and Inkjet Head 3D Printing 429
26.2.2 Cost of 3D Printing 430
26.2.3 Direct and Indirect Use of 3D Printing 431
26.2.4 Techniques in Construction Applications 431
26.2.5 Ongoing Research Activities 433
26.3 Methods 435
26.3.1 Interdisciplinary Team Building for Setting Goals and Work Steps 435
26.3.2 Automated 3D Printing Technology and Process in a Factory Setting 436
26.4 Experiments and Results 438
26.4.1 ``Stuttgart 21'' Main Central Station 438
26.4.2 Small Scale Testing 439
26.4.3 Large Scale Testing 439
26.5 The Role of BIM and Robots in the 3D Printing Process 440
26.5.1 General Requirements for 3D Printing 443
26.5.2 3D Printing with Robots 444
26.6 Summary 447
References 448
27 BIM-Based Production Systems 451
27.1 Production Systems in the Building Sector 452
27.2 Software Systems Supporting Production Systems 453
27.3 Data Communication on the Project 454
27.4 System Structure and Components 456
27.4.1 Software Provision and Data Storage 456
27.4.2 Web Portal 457
27.4.3 Document Management 457
27.4.4 Mobile Devices 458
27.4.5 3D BIM Viewer 459
27.4.6 Geographic Information System (GIS) 460
27.4.7 Management Dashboard and Reporting 461
27.4.8 Schedule 461
27.4.9 Further Modules 463
27.5 Application in a Construction Project 463
27.5.1 Users and Project Stages 463
27.5.2 Implementation in the Project 464
27.5.3 Summary 465
28 BIM-Based Progress Monitoring 466
28.1 Introduction 466
28.2 State of the Art 467
28.3 Concept 470
28.4 Data Acquisition and Point Cloud Generation 470
28.4.1 Handheld Camera 471
28.4.2 UAV 472
28.4.3 Crane Camera 472
28.4.4 Conclusion 473
28.5 As-Planned vs. As-Built Comparison 473
28.5.1 Enhancing Detection Rates 474
28.5.2 Process Comparison 477
28.6 Case Studies 477
28.7 Summary 478
References 478
29 BIM in the Operation of Buildings 480
29.1 Introduction 480
29.2 Property Portfolios 482
29.3 Work Stages During the Operation Phase 483
29.3.1 Requirements Management 484
29.3.2 Preparation for Commissioning 486
29.3.3 Commissioning 487
29.3.4 Ongoing Operation 488
29.3.5 Change of Owner/Operator 489
29.3.6 Data Acquisition for Existing Buildings 490
29.4 Software Systems for the Operation of Buildings 492
29.5 Summary 493
References 494
Part V Industrial Practice 495
30 BIM at HOCHTIEF Solutions 496
30.1 BIM History Within HOCHTIEF Solutions 496
30.2 From 2D to BIM 497
30.3 Examples of Completed and Ongoing Projects 499
30.3.1 Barwa Commercial Avenue, Qatar 499
30.3.2 Elbe Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg 502
30.3.2.1 Building Statics Do Not Allow for Adding Openings at a Later Time 503
30.3.2.2 From Areas to Structures 505
30.4 BIM Benefits 506
30.5 Summary 507
31 Arup's Digital Future: The Path to BIM 509
31.1 Introduction to Arup 509
31.2 Arup's Global BIM Strategy: Phase 1 510
31.2.1 Drivers for BIM in Arup 511
31.2.2 Aim of the BIM Strategy 512
31.2.3 Mission Statement 512
31.2.4 Implementing BIM: The Risks 513
31.3 Managing the Transition 513
31.3.1 Incentives 514
31.3.2 Action Plan 516
31.3.3 Skills 517
31.3.4 Resources 518
31.3.5 Measuring Success: The BIM Maturity Measure 518
31.4 Implementation Activities 519
31.4.1 Activity Area 1: Governance and Leadership 519
31.4.1.1 Tasks and Objectives 520
31.4.1.2 Activity Example: Global Benchmarking Heat Map 520
31.4.2 Activity Area 2: People and Skills 520
31.4.2.1 Tasks and Objectives 520
31.4.2.2 Activity Example: BIM for Leaders 522
31.4.3 Activity Area 3: Marketing and Communication 522
31.4.3.1 Tasks and Objectives 522
31.4.3.2 Activity Example: Marketing and Communication 523
31.4.4 Activity Area 4: Processes 523
31.4.4.1 Tasks and Objectives 524
31.4.4.2 Activity Example Processes: The Arup BIM Maturity Measure 524
31.4.5 Activity Area 5: Technology 526
31.4.5.1 Tasks and Objectives 526
31.4.5.2 Activity Example: Technology 527
31.4.6 Activity Area 6: Research and Development 527
31.4.6.1 Tasks and Objectives 527
31.4.6.2 Activity Example: Research and Development 528
31.4.7 Activity Area 7: Business Development and Project Support 529
31.4.7.1 Tasks and Objectives 529
31.4.7.2 Activity Example: Business Development and Project Support 530
31.5 Hand-Back to the Business 531
31.6 How Are We Doing? 531
31.6.1 Maturity Measurement 532
31.6.1.1 Analysis and Insight 532
31.6.1.2 Further Developments 532
31.6.1.3 Encouraging BIM Across the Industry 533
31.7 Arup's Global BIM Strategy: Phase 2 533
31.8 Summary 533
Reference 534
32 BIM at OBERMEYER Planen + Beraten 535
32.1 Technical Background and History 535
32.2 The Importance of BIM from a Company Perspective 536
32.3 BIM Development 537
32.4 Project Examples 538
32.4.1 Second Principal Rapid Transit Line in Munich, Germany 538
32.4.2 BIM Pilot Project Auenbach Viaduct, Germany 541
32.4.3 Al Ain Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 543
32.5 Summary 547
33 BIM at Hilti 548
33.1 Introduction and General Approach 548
33.2 Hilti BIM Solution: Design 550
33.2.1 PROFIS Anchor 550
33.2.2 PROFIS Installation 550
33.2.3 Hilti BIM/CAD-Library 551
33.2.4 Hilti Button for Firestop 551
33.3 Hilti BIM Solution: Execution 552
33.4 Hilti BIM Solution: Operation 553
33.5 Summary 553
34 BIM at STRABAG 554
34.1 Overview 555
34.2 Motivation for BIM 556
34.3 BIM.5D® Development and Applications 557
34.3.1 Definitions 558
34.3.2 Roadmap 559
34.3.3 Use Cases 559
34.4 Examples of BIM.5D® Applications 561
34.4.1 Applications in the Design, Planning and Construction Phases 561
34.4.2 Object-Oriented Foundation and Infrastructure Modeling 562
34.4.3 Quantity Estimation, Cost Calculation, Construction Scheduling 565
34.4.4 From Digital Planning to Automated Production 565
34.4.5 As-Built Documentation and Facility Management 566
34.5 Summary 567
References 567
Part VI Summary and Outlook 568
35 Conclusions and Outlook 569
Glossary 573
Index 577