LED-Based Visible Light Communications (eBook)

Prof. Nan CHi received the B.S. degree and Ph.D degree in electrical engineering from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China in 1996 and 2001, respectively. From July 2001 to December 2004, she worked as assistant professor at the Research Center COM, Technical University of Denmark. From January 2005 to April 2006, she was a research associate at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Then in June 2006, she joined Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, where she worked as a full professor. She joined the Fudan University since June 2008, in School of Information Science and Engineering. She is the author or co-author of more than 200 papers. She has been the chair of APOC 2007 OSRT workshop and ACP 2010. She served as the technical program committee member of many conferences such as APOC 08, ICAIT09, ACP 2011, WOCC 2012 and ACP 2013. She has been awarded as the New Century Excellent Talents Awards from the Education Ministry of China, Shanghai Shu Guang scholarship, Japanese OKAWA intelligence Fund Award, Pujiang talent of Shanghai City, Ten Outstanding IT Young Persons awards of Shanghai City. Her research interests are in the area of coherent optical transmission, visible light communication and optical packet/burst switching.

Preface 6
Contents 9
1 Outline 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 LED Market Trends 14
1.3 The History of Visible Light Communication 16
1.4 The Composition of the Visible Light Communication System 19
1.5 Advantages of Visible Light Communication Technology 20
1.6 Research Trends 21
1.7 Brief Summary 22
References 22
2 The Transmitter of the Visible Light Communication System 24
2.1 Summary of the LED 24
2.1.1 The Development of the LED Light Source 24
2.1.2 The LED’s Luminescence Mechanism 26
2.1.3 Characteristics of a LED 28
2.1.4 The Types of White LEDs 33
2.2 The PC-LED (Phosphor-Converted LED) 35
2.2.1 The PC-LED’s Material and Spectral Characteristics 35
2.2.2 The PC-LED’s Structure 36
2.2.3 The PC-LED’s Illumination Effect 37
2.3 The RGB-LED 38
2.4 The RGB + UV-LED 40
2.5 The LED’s Illumination Light Field and Visual Design 42
2.5.1 Features of the LED Illumination Light Field 42
2.5.2 The Main LED Optical Design Forms 43
2.6 Summary 46
2.7 LED Driving 46
2.7.1 The Physical Device of LED Driving 46
2.7.2 The LED’s Driving Mode 47
2.7.3 The LED’s Drive Circuit Design 47
References 49
3 Models of the Visible Light Channel 50
3.1 The LED Frequency Response Model 50
3.1.1 The White LED Frequency Response Model 50
3.1.2 The LED Frequency Response Model After Blue-Light Filtering 51
3.2 The Modulation Bandwidth of Various LEDs 52
3.2.1 The LED’s Modulation Bandwidth 53
3.2.2 The Modulation Bandwidth of Various LEDs 55
3.3 Multipath Reflection Modeling 56
3.3.1 The Indoor Optical Communication Link Way 56
3.3.2 VLC Channel Modeling 58
3.3.3 A Basic Analysis of the VLC’s System Performance 61
3.4 The Photon Model 62
3.4.1 The Model Design 62
3.4.2 The Simulation Process and Data Analysis 64
3.5 Nonlinearity of VLC Communication System 67
3.6 Summary 68
References 68
4 Visible Light Communication Receiving Technology 70
4.1 The Silicon-Based PIN Photodetector 70
4.1.1 The PIN Structure and Its Working Principle 71
4.1.2 Parameters 74
4.1.3 The Device Preparation Technology 79
4.2 The Narrowband Blue Light Detector 80
4.3 Blu-Ray Filters 87
4.3.1 An Overview 87
4.3.2 The Basic Principles and Calculation Methods 89
4.3.3 Blu-Ray Filter Design 91
4.3.4 Design Examples 96
4.3.5 Preparation 97
4.4 The Detector Circuit Design 97
4.4.1 Adaptive Receiver Technology 98
4.4.2 The Clock Extraction and Recovery Circuit 99
4.4.3 Receiver Equalization Technology 100
4.5 Summary 100
References 101
5 The Modulation Technologies of Visible Light Communication 102
5.1 OOK Modulation Format 102
5.1.1 The Principle of the OOK Modulation Format 102
5.1.2 The BER Performance of OOK 104
5.1.3 System Implementation and Waveform Testing 105
5.2 The PPM and PMW Modulation Technologies 106
5.3 DMT Modulation Technology 109
5.3.1 The Principle of DMT Modulation and Demodulation 109
5.3.2 The Application of DMT Modulation in VLC 111
5.4 OFDM Modulation Technology 111
5.5 CAP Modulation Technology 115
5.6 PAM Modulation Technology 117
5.6.1 The Introduction of PAM Modulation 117
5.6.2 The System of PAM-VLC 118
5.7 Summary 120
References 120
6 Visible Light Communication Pre-equalization Technology 122
6.1 Hardware Pre-equalization Circuit 122
6.1.1 Hardware Pre-equalization Circuit Simulation 124
6.1.2 Hardware Pre-equalization Circuit Experimental Verification 126
6.2 Software Pre-equalization 129
6.2.1 Pre-equalization Technology Based on FIR Filter 130
6.2.1.1 Principle of FIR Filter 130
6.2.1.2 Time Domain Equalizer 131
6.2.1.3 The Design of a Pre-equalizer Based on a FIR Filter 132
6.2.2 Software Pre-equalization Technology Based on OFDM 137
6.2.3 Quasi-linear Pre-equalization 139
6.3 Summary 143
References 143
7 Visible Light Communication Post-equalization Technology 144
7.1 Time Domain Equalization Technique 144
7.1.1 CMA Algorithm 144
7.1.2 CMMA Algorithm 147
7.1.3 M-CMMA Algorithm 149
7.1.4 DD-LMS Algorithm 150
7.1.5 S-MCMMA Algorithm 151
7.1.6 RLS Algorithm 153
7.2 Frequency Domain Equalization Algorithm 154
7.2.1 Pilot-Aided Channel Estimation Algorithm 155
7.2.2 SC-FED Algorithm 156
7.3 Nonlinear Equalization Algorithm 157
7.3.1 Volterra Series Algorithm 157
7.3.2 Memoryless Power Series Algorithm 159
7.4 Summary 160
References 160
8 High-Speed VLC Communication System Experiments 162
8.1 Advanced Modulation Technology in VLC System 162
8.1.1 Single-Carrier Modulation Based on Frequency Domain Equalization 163
8.1.2 CAP Modulation Technology 165
8.1.2.1 CAP Modulation 165
8.1.2.2 Experiment of CAP Modulation 166
8.1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 174
8.1.3.1 OFDM Modulation 174
8.1.3.2 ACO-OFDM Modulation 177
8.1.4 Bit-Loading OFDM 185
8.2 Multi-user Access and Bidirectional VLC System 190
8.2.1 The Multiple-Input and Single-Output System 190
8.2.1.1 The 2?×?1 MISO-OFDM VLC Experiment 193
8.2.1.2 The 3?×?1 MISO-OFDM VLC Experiment 195
8.2.2 Bidirectional Transmission 195
8.2.2.1 Time Division Duplexing 196
8.2.2.2 Frequency Division Duplexing 196
8.3 VLC Multidimensional Multiplexing 201
8.3.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 202
8.3.2 Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) 205
8.3.3 Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) 209
8.4 The VLC MIMO 215
8.4.1 The Imaging MIMO 216
8.4.1.1 The Imaging MIMO Model 217
8.4.1.2 The 2?×?2 Imaging MIMO VLC Experiment 220
8.4.2 The Nonimaging MIMO 224
8.4.2.1 The Nonimaging MIMO Model 225
8.4.2.2 The 2?×?2 Nonimaging MIMO VLC Experiment 225
8.4.3 The Equal Gain Combining STBC 230
8.4.3.1 The Principle of EGC-STBC 231
8.4.3.2 The 2?×?2 MIMO VLC System Based on EGC-STBC 233
8.5 The VLC Network 234
8.5.1 The Integrated Network of VLC and MMF 235
8.5.2 The Integrated Network of VLC and PON 238
8.5.3 The High-Speed Full-Duplex VLC Access Network 240
8.6 Summary 241
References 242
9 Visible Light Communication Technology Development Trend 244
9.1 Surface Plasma LED 244
9.2 Visual Imaging Communication 245
9.3 Key Issues of VLC Networking 248
9.3.1 Visible Light Source Layout 248
9.3.2 Visible Network Switching Technology 249
9.3.3 Optical Network Access Control 250
9.4 Visible Optical Communication Integrated Chip 250
9.4.1 LED Emission Array 251
9.4.2 PIN-Receiving Array 251
9.4.3 Dedicated Visible Light Integrated Communication Chip 252
9.5 Future Expectations 253
9.6 Summary 254
References 255