Extraction 2018 (eBook)

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Part IPyrometallurgy Keynotes 30
1 Role of Research in Non-ferrous Metallurgy Development—Peter Hayes’ Contributions to Modern Pyrometallurgy 31
2 The Role of Research in Pyrometallurgy Technology Development—From Fundamentals to Process Improvements—Future Opportunities 46
3 Sulfide Smelting: Thirty-Five Years of Continuous Efforts to Find New Value Adding Solutions 65
4 The Changing World of Metallurgical Education 83
Part II7th International Symposium on Advances in Sulfide Smelting 94
5 Sulfide Smelting Development in Japan During the Past Half Century 95
6 Review of Boliden Harjavalta Nickel Smelter 104
7 Redesign and Rebuild of the Pan Pacific Copper Flash Smelting Furnace 111
8 Modelling Metallurgical Furnaces—Making the Most of Modern Research and Development Techniques 124
9 Pyrometallurgical Processing of Desulphurization Slags 147
10 High Temperature Phase Formation at the Slag/Refractory Interphase at Ferronickel Production 156
11 ISASMELT™ Technology for Sulfide Smelting 167
12 Refractory Design and the Role of Numerical Simulation 177
13 Wear Phenomena in Non-ferrous Metal Furnaces 192
14 A Scientific Roadmap for Refractory Corrosion Testwork 204
15 Investigation of Refractory Failure in a Nickel Smelting Furnace 214
16 Mathematical Modeling of Waterless Matte Granulator for Debottlenecking of Conventional Sulfide Smelters 225
17 Desulfurization of the Non-ferrous Smelter Flue Gases Based on Scrubbing with a Carbonate Eutectic Melt and Natural Gas Regeneration 235
18 Advanced Thermochemical Fundamental and Applied Research to Improve the Integrity of the Steel Water Jacketed Furnace at Port Pirie 244
19 Sustainable Development Considerations in Primary Copper Smelting 255
20 Influence of Arsenic on the Chemical Wear of Magnesia-Chromite Refractories in Copper Smelting Furnaces 267
21 Improved Copper Smelter and Converter Productivity Through the Use of a Novel High-Grade Feed 278
22 Semi-discrete Dynamics and Simulation of Peirce-Smith Converting 285
23 Development of Continuous Radar Level Measurement for Improved Furnace Feed Control 298
24 Research on Recovery of Valuable Metals in Waste Acid from Copper Smelting Flue Gas Acid-Making and Reduction and Harmless Treatment of Solid Wastes 314
25 Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates 324
26 Challenges and Opportunities of a Lead Smelting Process for Complex Feed Mixture 336
27 Application of MPE Model to Nickel Smelting 350
28 Practice on Exploration of Oxygen-Enriched Converting Industrial Production by Kaldo Furnace 363
29 Ust-Kamenogorsk Metallurgical Complex: A Silent Achiever 375
30 Trace Metal Distributions in Nickel Slag Cleaning 389
31 Case Study on the Application of Research to Operations—Calcium Ferrite Slags 400
32 Kinetics of Oxidation of Pyrrhotite 412
33 Formation Mechanism of Ferronickel Alloy Due to the Reaction Between Iron and Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite at 850–900 °C 423
34 Two-Step Copper Smelting Process at Dongying Fangyuan 434
35 ISASMELT™—Flexibility in Furnace Design 442
36 Investigation of the Oxygen Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Process 451
37 Top Submerged Lance Furnace Lining Cooling System Upgrade 468
38 Application Study on Technology of Reducing Copper Content in Discarded Slag 486
39 Thermodynamic Consideration of Copper Matte Smelting Conditions with Respect to Minor Element Removal and Slag Valorization Options 496
40 Optimizing Smelter Uptime Through Digital Asset Management 510
41 Reducing Refining Cycle Times to Extend Anode Furnace Campaign Life at Kennecott Copper 523
42 Smelting Mechanism in the Reaction Shaft of a Commercial Copper Flash Furnace 536
43 Progressing Towards Furnace Modernization by Utilizing Comparative Analysis of Acousto Ultrasonic-Echo (AU-E) Monitoring: Case Studies 550
44 Kinetics of Roasting of a Sphalerite Concentrate 561
45 Thermodynamic Modeling of Oxygen Bottom-Blowing Continuous Converting Process 574
46 Thermodynamic Considerations of Copper Complex Resources Smelting Process 585
Part IIIPeter Hayes Symposiumon Pyrometallurgical Processing 598
47 Peter Charles Hayes’ Contributions to Metallurgical Research: Brief Biography and List of Publications 599
48 Integrated Pyrorefining of Lead at Teck’s Trail Operations 620
49 Relating Reported Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Iron and Steelmaking Process Details 627
50 Process Zones Observed in a 48 MVA Submerged Arc Furnace Producing Silicomanganese According to the Ore-Based Process 635
51 Heat Transfer to Copper Coolers in Freeze Lined Furnaces: The Role of Radiation and the Influence of Slag Liquidus 648
52 Interfacial Reaction Between Magnesia Refractory and EAF Slag 662
53 Kinetics of Dephosphorization of Iron Carbon Alloys: The Importance of Competing Reactions, Slag Properties and CO Bubbles 667
54 A Study of Cementite Formation in the Reduction of Hematite by CO–CO2 Gas Mixture Using High Temperature XRD 676
55 Condensation of SiO and CO in Silicon Production—A Literature Review 690
56 Phase Transformations from Quartz to Cristobalite 710
57 Towards Forming Micro-Bubbles in Liquid Steel 721
58 Innovative Applications of Bubbles and Drops to Ferrous Process Technology 733
59 Carbochlorination of Low-Grade Titanium Slag to Titanium Tetrachloride in Molten Salt 745
60 Calciothermic Reduction and Electrolysis of Sulfides in CaCl2 Melt 755
61 Reaction Behavior of Phosphorus in Multi-phase CaO–FeOX–SiO2–P2O5 Flux System 764
62 Microanalysis and Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Multicomponent Phase Equilibria for Non-ferrous Smelting and Recycling Systems 772
63 Thermodynamic Study of the Equilibrium Distribution of Platinum Group Metals Between Slag and Molten Metals and Slag and Copper Matte 787
64 High Temperature Recovery of Rare Earth Ortho-Ferrites from Permanent Magnets 795
65 On the Evaporation of S from Liquid Fe–C–S Alloy 804
66 Extraction of Iron and Ferrosilicon Alloys from Low-Grade Bauxite Ores 813
67 Kinetics of Bauxite Residue Sintering 826
68 Multicomponent Thermodynamic Databases for Complex Non-ferrous Pyrometallurgical Processes 839
69 Verification of Experimentally Determined Permeability and Form Coefficients of Al2O3 Ceramic Foam Filters (CFF) at High and Low Flow Velocity Using a CFD Model 855
70 Computational Modeling of a Secondary Lead Reverberatory Furnace: Effect of Burden Geometry 867
71 Development of a Thermodynamic Database for the Multicomponent PbO-“Cu2O”-FeO-Fe2O3-ZnO-CaO-SiO2 System for Pyrometallurgical Smelting and Recycling 877
72 Reduction in GHG Emission of Steel Production by Direct Injection of Renewable Biocarbon 889
73 Preparation of Ferronickel from Nickel Laterite Ore via Semi-molten Reduction Followed by Magnetic Separation 899
74 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Solid State Carbothermic Reduction of Chromite Ore 907
75 Production of Ferromanganese Alloys from Silicomanganese Sludge and an Iron Source 925
76 New Paradigms for Iron Ore Pelletization 938
77 In Situ Micro Raman Study of the NO3? Electrochemical Behavior in Molten NaNO3–KNO3 Mixtures 945
78 Dissolution of Graphite in Iron Manganese Alloys 954
79 Experimental Investigation of Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Zinc Residue 963
80 Dynamic Modelling of Molten Slag-Matte Interactions in an Industrial Flash Smelting Furnace Settler 975
81 High Temperature Characteristics of Slags Originating from the Production of Synthetic Tantalum Concentrate 988
82 Recovery of Nickel and Vanadium from Heavy Oil Residues Using DC Plasma Smelting 997
83 Iron Segregation Roasting Processes 1009
84 Towards a Microwave Metal Extraction Process 1018
85 The Influence of Aluminum on Indium and Tin Behaviour During Secondary Copper Smelting 1040
86 Behavior of Nickel as a Trace Element and Time-Dependent Formation of Spinels in WEEE Smelting 1051
87 The Distribution of Sn Between CaO–CuOx–FeOy–SiO2 Slag and Copper Metal at 1300 °C 1061
88 Gaseous Reduction of Mn Ores in CO-CO2 Atmosphere 1071
89 Optimization of Slag Composition in View of Iron Recovery and Dephosphorization in EAF Process 1080
90 A New Pyrometallurgical Recycling Technique for Lead Battery Paste Without SO2 Generation—A Thermodynamic and Experimental Investigation 1086
91 Understanding Viscosity-Structure Relationship of Slags and Its Influence on Metallurgical Processes 1098
92 Reduction of Manganese Ore Pellets in a Methane-Containing Atmosphere 1105
93 Kinetics of Reduction-Carburization of Synthetic (Fe,Mg)(Cr,Al)2O4 Solid Solutions by Ar–CH4–H2 Gas Mixtures 1117
94 Preliminary Experimental Study of the Thermal Stability and Chemical Reactivity of the Phosphate-Based Binder Used in Al2O3-Based Ceramic Foam Filters (CFFs) 1128
Part IVHydrometallurgy Keynotes 1139
95 The Evolution of Cobalt–Nickel Separation and Purification Technologies: Fifty Years of Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 1140
96 Minimizing the Hydro in Hydrometallurgy 1165
Part VHydrometallurgy 2018 1174
97 Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Lead in Brine Solution from a TSL Processed Zinc Plant Residue 1175
98 Alkali Metals Removal from Radioactive Wastewater by Combined CO2 Capture and Adsorption onto Bone Char 1183
99 Synthesis and Properties Characterization of Crystalline Polyferric Sulfate Adsorbent Used for Treating High As(III)-content Contaminated Water 1194
100 Custom Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Piping (FRP) Applications in Mineral Processing 1202
101 Electrochemical Behavior of Chalcopyrite in Presence of Sodium Peroxodisulfate 1214
102 Alternative Lixiviant for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite Concentrate 1225
103 Hydrometallurgical Processing of Copper-Arsenic Concentrates 1234
104 Sustainable Development Considerations in Copper Hydrometallurgy 1246
105 Improved Process for Leaching Refractory Copper Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide in Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 1256
106 Copper Recovery from the Mine Tailings by Combination of Flotation with High-Pressure Oxidative Leaching and Solvent Extraction 1266
107 Douglas Centenary Commemoration 1918–2018: Engineering the Science—James Douglas, Early Hydrometallurgy and Chile 1275
108 Making the Right Selection: A Comparative Analysis for the Treatment of Refractory Gold Concentrates 1293
109 Evolution of Metallurgical Parameters at Mantoverde Heap Leach Operation 1305
110 The Effect of Aeration on Chalcocite Heap Leaching 1319
111 Study of the Diffusion of Cu(II) as an Oxidant Through Simulated Particle Pores in a Novel Model Apparatus 1326
112 Filtration Properties of Ferric Hydroxide Precipitate in Nickel Production 1338
113 The Effects of Experimental Variables on Iron Removal from Nitrided Malaysian Ilmenite by Becher Process 1347
114 Water: An Increasingly Valuable and Challenging Resource for the Mining and Metallurgical Industry to Manage Effectively 1361
115 Development of an Encapsulation Process to Extend the Stability of Scorodite Under Wider pH and Redox Potential Range Conditions 1374
116 Arsenic Removal from Arsenic Bearing Materials Produced from Metallurgical Processes of Copper, Lead and Zinc 1384
117 Modular Reactors and Utilization in Small Scale Direct Leaching Zinc Plant Expansions 1395
118 Jarogain Process—A Hydrometallurgical Option to Recover Metal Values from RLE Zinc Residue and Steel Dust 1405
119 The Betts Process at Trail Operations—History of Invention and Experiences from Over a Century of Operation 1417
120 Building a Cloud-Based OperatorTraining Simulation Software forPressure Oxidation Process 1427
121 An Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Organic Compounds (Impurities and Additives) on Metal Electrowinning 1435
122 A Comprehensive Model for Metal Electrowinning Processes 1446
123 Characterizing the Role of Organic Additives in Copper Electrowinning 1457
124 Study of Electrochemical Behaviour and Surface Morphology of Copper Electrodeposit from Electrorefining with Lignin-Based Biopolymer and Thiourea as Additives 1468
125 Manganese-Chloride Interactions on Pb–Ag Anode Behaviour in Synthetic Sulfuric Acid Electrolytes 1480
126 Pb–Ca–Sn Anode Potential as a Function of Cobalt, Iron and Manganese in Synthetic Sulfuric Acid Electrolytes 1493
127 The Effect of Anodic Potential on Surface Layers of Chalcopyrite during Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Leaching 1505
128 Treatment of Arsenic Sulfide Sludge for Arsenic Stabilization and Copper Extraction 1513
129 Study of the Rate Controlling Steps in the Removal of Magnesium Impurities in Hydrogen Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2 by Leaching 1524
130 EMD Deposition on Mn2O3/Ti Anode for Manganese Recovery from Zinc Electrowinning Solutions 1531
131 Pilot Plant Commissioning and Operations for Copper Sulfide In Situ Indirect Bioleaching 1539
132 The Dewatering Behaviour of Transformed Ferri-Oxyhydroxide Precipitates Formed Under Moderate Temperature and Varying Fe(III) Concentrations 1552
133 The Hydrothermal Reaction and Kinetic of Enargite 1565
134 In Situ Precipitation of Scorodite in Atmospheric Leaching of Enargite 1574
135 Solubility of Rare Earth Salts in Sulphate-Phosphate Solutions of Hydrometallurgical Relevance 1583
136 Pressure Oxidation of Enargite Concentrates Containing Gold and Silver 1596
137 Emulsion Mediated Low Temperature Pressure Leaching of Base Metals from Mixed Sulfide Minerals Through Enhanced Oxygen Mass Transfer 1611
138 Equipment Selection for Chloride Circuits 1620
139 Understanding Cyanidation of Silver from Batch and Continuous Medium Temperature Pressure Oxidation Generated Residues 1633
140 Effect of DO, Free Cyanide and Mineralogy on Gold Cyanidation Mechanism: An Electrochemical and Surface Analysis Study 1645
141 Activation and Deactivation Effects of Lead on Gold Cyanidation 1657
142 Australian Hydrometallurgy Research and Development 1669
143 Dezincing of Galvanized Steel by Sulfuric Acid Leaching 1680
144 Extraction of the Surface-Coated Metals from Waste Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Plastics in an Ammoniacal Solution 1690
145 Comparative Evaluation of Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Atmospheric Leaching for the Treatment of Greek Low Grade Nickel Laterites 1699
146 Novel Process for Comprehensive Utilization of Iron Concentrate Recovered from Zinc Kiln Slag 1711
147 Selection of Microorganism for the Bio-Oxidation of a Refractory Gold-Concentrate with Focus on the Behaviour of Antimony Sulphides 1723
148 Gold Leaching by Sodium Chloride and Calcium Hypochlorite Solutions 1733
149 The Kinetic of Atmospheric Acid Leaching of Brazilian Lateritic Nickel 1743
150 Hydrolytic Precipitation of Nanosized TiO2 Phases for Use as Photocatalytic Sorption Media in Effluent Treatment 1754
151 Oxygen Pressure Leaching Behavior of Nickel from Black Shale 1764
Part VIGordon Ritcey Symposium:Advances in HydrometallurgicalSolution Purification Separations 1774
152 The Feasibility of Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Use of Electrodialysis 1775
153 Separation of Cobalt and Metals in Acidic Chloride Solutions Using Diffusion Dialysis 1783
154 Application of Donnan Dialysis to the Separation and Recovery of Cations During Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries 1798
155 Electrolytic Salt Splitting for SulfuricAcid and Caustic Recovery: Can It BeCost-Effective? 1810
156 The Industrial Application of Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for the Recovery of Copper, Silver and Cyanide from Gold Leach Liquors 1826
157 Extraction of Water from Contaminated Effluents by Forward Osmosis 1835
158 Preliminary Test Results on High Rate Compressible Media Filtration Promise Benefits for Leach Liquor Clarification 1845
159 A Review on Application of Crown Ethers in Separation of Rare Earths and Precious Metals 1854
160 Cadmium and Nickel Adsorption Study Using Modified Biosorbent 1872
161 Imprinted Resin—The 21st Century Adsorbent 1883
162 Nickel Recovery from Hyperaccumulator Plants Using a Chelating Resin 1901
163 Advances in the Development of Electrostatic Solvent Extraction for Process Metallurgy 1910
164 Experimental Study and CFD Simulation of a Solvent Extraction Pulsed Column with Novel Ceramic Internals 1917
165 Outotec’s VSF®X Implementation to Provide Modular Solvent Extraction Technology 1925
166 Settling Behavior and CFD Simulation of a Gravity Separator 1934
167 Equilibrium Modeling of Solvent Extraction and Stripping of Copper(II), Nickel(II), and Ammonia for Ammoniacal Process Using LIX® 84-I 1945
168 Modelling Synergistic Solvent Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt 1953
169 Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Manganese(II) from Acidic Chloride Media 1963
170 Technological Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in Solvent Extraction from Energy Storage Applications 1969
171 Separation and Purification of Value Metals from Aqueous Chloride Solutions by Solvent Extraction 1982
172 Recovery of Palladium from Spent Catalysts—A Critical State-of-the-Art Review 1998
173 Unique Hydrometallurgical Process for Copper-Anode Slime Treatment at Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery 2009
174 Separation of Lead from Chalcopyrite Slurry Using Resin-in-Pulp 2018
175 Ion Exchange Resin—Pilot and Resin Testing 2025
176 Antimony and Bismuth Control in Copper Electrolyte by Ion Exchange 2039
177 Development and Screening of Resins to Recover REE and Scandium from Different Sources 2044
178 Green Chemistry Principles Applied to the Selective Separation and Purification of Specialty Metals Using Molecular Recognition Technology 2054
179 Breakthrough in Uranium Recovery from Saline Liquors by Ion Exchange 2068
180 The Use of Ion Exchange to Improve Revenue via the Removal of Impurities 2079
181 Selective Separation of Iron from Simulated Nickel Leach Solutions Using Ion Exchange Technology 2090
182 Recovery of Copper Nanoparticles from AMD by Cementation with Iron and SDS 2102
183 Separation of Uranium and Molybdenum in U–Mo Ore Alkaline Leach Liquor 2112
184 Separation of Iron (III) and Nickel (II) from Acidic Sulfate Leaching Solution of Molybdenum-Nickel Black Shale 2122
Part VIIProcessing of Critical Metals 2132
185 Material Criticality: Comparing China, the EU, Japan and the USA 2133
186 Lithium Extraction and Utilization: A Historical Perspective 2136
187 Extraction of Lithium from Brine—Old and New Chemistry 2152
188 Development of SiLeach® Technology for the Extraction of Lithium Silicate Minerals 2162
189 Lithium and Boron Extraction from the Rhyolite Ridge Ore Nevada USA 2173
190 Assessment of Lithium Pegmatite Ore Bodies to Determine Their Amenability to Processing for the Extraction of Lithium 2186
191 Revisiting the Traditional Process of Spodumene Conversion and Impact on Lithium Extraction 2205
192 Flowsheet Development for Benefication of Lithium Minerals from Hard Rock Deposits 2216
193 Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal 2231
194 Rapid and Selective Leaching of Actinides and Rare Earth Elements from Rare Earth-Bearing Minerals and Ores 2245
195 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from NiMH Battery 2250
196 Extraction and Purification of Rare Earth Elements and Cobalt from NdFeB Magnet Wastes 2257
197 Sulfuric Acid Baking and Leaching of Rare Earth Elements, Thorium and Phosphate from a Monazite Concentrate 2263
198 Development of a Metallurgical Process for Eramet’s Mabounié Nb-REE Project 2272
199 SCRREEN: Solutions for Critical Raw Materials—A European Expert Network 2286
200 Selective Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Complex Monazite Ores 2299
201 Leaching Kinetics of Rare-Earth Elements from Complex Ores by Acidic Solutions 2309
202 Selective Extraction and Recovery of Rare Earth Metals (REMs) from NdFeB Magnet Grinding Sludge 2317
203 Recovery of Phosphorous and Rare Earth Elements from an Apatite Concentrate 2326
204 Hydrothermal Modification of Phosphogypsum to Improve Subsequent Recovery of Rare Earths 2331
205 Study of the Deportment of REEs in Ion Adsorption Clays Towards the Development of an In Situ Leaching Strategy 2344
206 Thermodynamics of Tungsten Ores Decomposition Process Options 2355
207 Recovery of Tungsten from Spent V2O5–WO3/TiO2 Catalyst 2368
208 Scrap Recycling of Tungsten-Based Secondary Material for the Recovery of Tungsten Monocarbide (WC) and Other Valuable Constituents Using an Acid Leach Process: A Preliminary Study 2383
209 Solubility of Germanium Dioxide in Commonly Used Acids—Effect of Acid Strength, Temperature, and Water Activity 2393
210 Research on the Behavior of Germanium in the Leaching Process of Germanium-Bearing Zinc Oxide by Sulfuric Acid 2404
211 Natural Graphite Purification Through Chlorination in Fluidized Bed Reactor 2415
212 Critical Materials Traceability: More Important Than Metallurgy 2423
213 A Process Flowsheet for the Extraction of Niobium, Titanium, and Scandium from Niocorp’s Elk Creek Deposit 2433
214 Recycling of Li-Ion and Li-Solid State Batteries: The Role of Hydrometallurgy 2450
215 Hydrothermal Production of Lithium Metal Silicate Powders with Controlled Properties for Application to Li-ion Batteries 2463
216 Production of Purified Lithium Salts with a One-Stage Solid Phase Extraction 2472
217 Electrochemical and Diffusion Assisted Dispersion Methods for Lithium-7 Enrichment from Liquid Media 2481
218 Fundamental Understanding of the Flotation Chemistry of Rare Earth Minerals 2486
219 Simulation of the Flotation of Bear Lodge Ore and a Preliminary Economic Analysis 2501
220 Efficient Recovery of Neodymium from Neodymium–Iron–Boron Magnet 2513
221 Recovery of REEs from End-of-Life Permanent Magnet Scrap Generated in WEEE Recycling Plants 2522
222 A Comparison Between Batch and Continuous Processes in Impurity Removal from REE Water Leach Solution by Lime and Limestone Neutralization 2535
223 Innovative Coupled Hydrometallurgical and Pyrochemical Processes for Rare Earth Recycling 2548
224 REE Recovery from the Fern D. Dichotoma by Acid Oxalic Precipitation After Direct Leaching with EDTA 2560
225 Extraction of Cobalt and Nickel from a Pyrrhotite Rich Tailings Sample via Bioleaching 2569
226 Vanadium Extraction from Low Concentrated Iron Bearing Sources by a New Method 2580
227 Recovery of Lithium from the Great Salt Lake Brine 2593
228 Crystallization of a Pure Scandium Phase from Solvent Extraction Strip Liquors 2604
229 Innovative and Sustainable Valorization Process to Recover Scandium and Rare Earth Elements from Canadian Bauxite Residues 2611
230 Extraction of Scandium (Sc) Using a Task-Specific Ionic Liquid Protonated Betaine Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)Imide [Hbet][Tf2N] 2619
231 Development of Scandium-Recovery Process from Titanium-Smelting Residue 2631
232 Early Separation of Cerium from Mixed Rare Earths: A Review of Methods and Preliminary Economic Analysis 2639
233 Oxidative Removal of Cerium from Rare Earth Elements Mixed Chloride Solution 2649
234 Alternatives to 2-Ethylhexyl Phosphonic Acid, Mono-2-Ethylhexyl Ester for the Separation of Rare Earths 2661
235 Production of Partially Separated Rare Earth Elements (REE) from a Quebec Deposit 2672
236 Separation and Purification of Rare-Earth Elements Based on Electrophoretic Migration (PART II) 2691
237 Radionuclide Removal from Ore and REE-Bearing Mineral by Leaching and Ion Exchange Separation 2700
238 Influence of Substrate Properties on the Selective Leaching Performance of Cobalt from Cemented Carbides 2721
239 Rare-Earth Elements Recovery from Nd-Fe-B Hard Magnets by Hydrometallurgical Processes 2729
Part VIIISulfide Flotation 2736
240 The Value of Incremental Performance Improvement in Concentrators—How to Secure and Quantify Small Gains 2737
241 The Use of Diagnostic Leaching for Flotation Insight 2749
242 Molybdenite Polytypism and Its Implications for Processing and Recovery: A Geometallurgical-Based Case Study from the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah 2759
243 The Importance of Understanding Mineralogy Drivers for Flotation Performance 2770
244 The Formulation and Use of Mixed Collectors in Sulphide Flotation—Valuable Performance Gains 2777
245 The Role of Soluble Sodium Silicate for Enhancing Flotation Selectivity of Sulphides Towards Grade and Recovery Improvements: Example from a Cu-Sulphide Ore 2789
246 Froth Pumping Using Warman® Centrifugal Slurry Froth Pumps 2802
247 A Fundamental Study of Disodium Carboxymethyl Trithiocarbonate (Orfom® D8) in Flotation Separation of Copper-Molybdenum Sulfides 2814
Author Index 2833
Subject Index 2841