Narrow Plasmon Resonances in Hybrid Systems (eBook)

Supervisor’s Foreword 7
Abstract 9
Acknowledgements 11
Contents 13
Abbreviations 16
1 Introduction 17
References 20
2 Plasmonics 23
2.1 Metal Optics 23
2.1.1 Maxwell's Equations 23
2.1.2 Drude Model 24
2.1.3 Electromagnetic Waves 26
2.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons 27
2.2.1 Origin 27
2.2.2 Excitation Methods 28
2.2.3 Controlling the Properties of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 30
2.2.4 Deposition of Thin Films Using Electron-Beam Evaporation 34
2.2.5 Characterisation of Thin Films Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 34
2.3 Localised Surface Plasmon Resonances 35
2.3.1 The Frölich Condition and Mie Theory 36
2.3.2 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanoarrays Using Electron-Beam Lithography 37
2.4 Factors Affecting the Shape of Plasmon Resonances 39
2.4.1 Losses 39
2.4.2 Fano Asymmetry 41
References 41
3 Two-Dimensional Materials 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Graphene 45
3.2.1 Electronic Properties 45
3.2.2 Optical Properties 48
3.2.3 Intrinsic Graphene Plasmons 49
3.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride 50
3.3.1 Reststrahlen Band in hBN 51
3.4 Fabrication of 2D Materials 53
3.4.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 54
3.4.2 Growth of Graphene via Chemical Vapour Deposition 56
3.5 Characterisation of 2D Materials 58
3.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy 58
3.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 60
References 61
4 Super-Narrow, Extremely High Quality Collective Plasmon Resonances at Telecommunication Wavelengths 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Diffraction Coupling of Localised Plasmon Resonances 66
4.2.1 Coupled Dipole Approximation 68
4.2.2 Previous Experimental Observations of Diffraction Coupled Plasmon Resonances 69
4.3 Sample Design 70
4.4 Results 71
4.5 Discussion 74
4.6 Conclusion 75
References 75
5 Nanomechanical Electro-Optical Modulator Based on Atomic Heterostructures 78
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Sample Design 80
5.3 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry 83
5.3.1 Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Response 83
5.3.2 Mid-infrared Response 88
5.4 Modulation Frequency 90
5.4.1 Theoretical Modulation Frequency 90
5.4.2 Frequency Measurements 90
5.5 Discussion 92
5.5.1 Maxwell Stresses 92
5.5.2 Further Device Optimisation 93
5.6 Conclusion 93
References 94
6 Strong Coupling of Diffraction Coupled Plasmons and Optical Waveguide Modes in Gold Stripe-Dielectric Nanostructures at Telecom Wavelengths 96
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 Sample Design 97
6.3 Characterisation Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 99
6.4 Communication Length of Hybrid Plasmon-Wave-Guide System 101
6.5 Discussion 104
6.6 Conclusion 107
References 107
7 Phase-Sensitive Detection of HT-2 Mycotoxin Using Graphene-Protected Copper Plasmonics 109
7.1 Introduction 110
7.2 Phase Sensitivity at Points of Topological Darkness 112
7.3 Sample Preparation 113
7.3.1 Graphene-Protected Copper Plasmonic Films 113
7.3.2 Functionalisation of Graphene with HT-2 Antibodies 114
7.4 Results 115
7.4.1 Volumetric Limit of Detection 116
7.4.2 Areal Mass Sensitivity 121
7.5 Conclusion 122
References 122
8 Conclusions and Future Work 125