Turbulence

Frans T. M. Nieuwstadt (1946-2005) was director of the Laboratory for Aero and Hydrodynamics at the Delft University of Technology from 1986 till 2005. Previously he worked at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), where he conducted research on the atmospheric boundary layer. After completing his studies in Aeronautics in Delft, he worked for 2 years under the supervision of Anatol Roshko at the California Institute of Technology. At KNMI he obtained his Ph.D. under the supervision of Henk Tennekes, Jakob Steketee and Jeff Zimmerman. In Delft his interest in turbulence expanded to various areas, such as polymer drag reduction, transition to turbulence in pipe flow, disperse multiphase turbulent flows, and turbulent reacting flows, while maintaining an interest in atmospheric turbulence. He was one of the initiators of the J.M. Burgers Centre, which is the Netherlands research school for fluid mechanics that encompasses the activities of entire fluid mechanics community in the Netherlands. Also he was chairman of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) from 2000 till 2005. He was one of the founding editors of the scientific journal Flow, Turbulence & Combustion. Bendiks J. Boersma (1969- ) studied mechanical engineering at the University of Twente under supervision of Leen van Wijngaarden. He obtained his Ph.D. at the Delft University of Technology in 1997 under supervision of Frans Nieuwstadt. His main interests are the numerical simulation of turbulent flows, including aeroacoustics, drag reduction, and supercritical fluids. After his Ph.D. he worked for two years at the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford University, and then became a Research Fellow with the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was appointed full professor in 2007 at the Delft University of Technology, and currently leads the Energy Technology section. Jerry Westerweel (1964- ) studied applied physics at the Delft University of Technology. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1993 under supervision of Frans Nieuwstadt. As a Research Fellow with the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences he worked at Stanford University, the California Institute of Technology, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He became an Anthony van Leeuwenhoek professor at the Delft University of Technology in 2002, and leads the Fluid Mechanics section since 2005. His scientific interests are turbulence and coherent flow structures, and optical measurement techniques for quantitative measurements in flows.

1 Introduction.- 2 Equations of motion.- 2.1 incompressible flow.- 2.2 the Boussinesq approximation.- 2.3 coordinate system.- 3 Stability and Transition.- 3.1 stability analysis.- 3.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.- 3.3 Rayleigh stability criterion.- 3.4 stability of a one-dimensional flow.- 3.5 routes to chaos.- 4 The characteristics of turbulence.- 4.1 the Burgers equation.- 4.2 phenomenology.- 4.3 experimental and numerical methods.- 5 Statistical description of turbulence.- 5.1 statistics.- 5.2 stationarity and homogeneity.- 5.3 the Reynolds equations.- 5.4 kinetic theory of momentum transfer.- 6 Turbulent flows.- 6.1 channel flow.- 6.2 mean velocity profile.- 6.3 scaling of turbulent wall flows.- 6.4 wall roughness.- 6.5 pressure gradient.- 6.6 free turbulent flows.- 6.7 the free jet.- 7 Kinetic energy.- 7.1 kinetic energy of the mean flow.- 7.2 kinetic energy of turbulence.- 7.3 Prandtl's one-equation model.- 7.4 energy equation per component.- 7.5 convective turbulence.- 7.6 the convective boundary layer.- 8 Vorticity.- 8.1 vorticity equation.- 8.2 coherent structures.- 8.3 enstrophy.- 8.4 the k- (e- ) model.- 8.5 second-order closure and algebraic stress models.- 8.6 large eddy simulation of turbulence.- 9 Correlation function and spectrum.- 9.1 time correlations.- 9.2 the spectrum.- 9.3 spatial correlations and spectra.- 9.4 the Taylor hypothesis.- 9.5 scaling of turbulence spectra.- 9.6 isotropic turbulence.- 10 Turbulent diffusion.- 10.1 statistical approach.- 10.2 the diffusion equation.- 10.3 inertial transport.- A Equations of motion.- B Special topics.- B.1 Monin-Obukhov similarity.- B.2 rapid distortion theory.- B.3 aeroacoustics.- B.4 rotating turbulence (by Herman Clercx).- B.5 drag reduction by polymer additives.- Bibliography.- Index.