Fungal Nanobionics: Principles and Applications (eBook)

Dr. Ram Prasad is associated with Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. His research interest includes plant-microbe-interactions, sustainable agriculture and microbial nanobiotechnology. Dr. Prasad has more than hundred publications to his credit, including research papers, review articles & book chapters and five patents issued or pending, and edited or authored several books. Dr. Prasad has twelve years of teaching experience and he has been awarded the Young Scientist Award (2007) & Prof. J.S. Datta Munshi Gold Medal (2009) by the International Society for Ecological Communications; FSAB fellowship (2010) by the Society for Applied Biotechnology; the American Cancer Society UICC International Fellowship for Beginning Investigators, USA (2014); Outstanding Scientist Award (2015) in the field of Microbiology by Venus International Foundation; BRICPL Science Investigator Award (ICAABT-2017) and Research Excellence Award (2018). Previously, Dr. Prasad served as Visiting Assistant Professor, Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, USA and presently, working as Research Associate Professor at School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Dr. Vivek Kumar is Associate Professor, involved in teaching, research and guidance with a pledge to enduring knowledge. Dr. Kumar works at Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India. He obtained his masters and doctoral degree from CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. He currently serves on the editorial boards of many prominent international journals, viz.. Environment Asia, International Journal of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Environmental Sustainability, Journal of Advanced Botany and Zoology, and Journal of Ecobiotechnology. He is also a reviewer for many prestigious journals such as; Journal of Hazardous Materials, Environmental Sustainability, Science International, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, Environment Science & Pollution Research, and Rhizosphere. He has more than 100 publications to his credit, including research papers, review articles, book chapters, and also edited several Springer books. Dr. Kumar also served as a Microbiologist for eight years at the Department of Soil and Water Research, Public Authority of Agricultural Affairs & Fish Resources, Kuwait.  He has been credited with first time reporting and identification of Pink Rot inflorescence disease of Date palm in Kuwait caused by Serratia marcescens. He has been awarded ‘Young Scientist Award’ for the year 2002 in ‘Agricultural Microbiology’ by the Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI). Dr. Kumar's research areas are plant-microbe-interactions, environmental microbiology and bioremediation. He has also organized various outreach activities Dr. Manoj Kumar is a scientist with sanguine behavior who is adoring about research and development, with a commitment to lifelong learning. He is determined on high quality science that contributes broadly to both increasing intellectual knowledge of plant development and to increasing the ecological niche. He has a high level of professional desire and intellectual hunt, and the potential to fulfil the dream of his high impact publications and the future recognition of these by academic peers. Dr. Kumar has pursued his PhD in Plant Biotechnology from prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University and then awarded two postdoctoral fellowships consecutively: i) DBT-PDF from IISc Bangalore in 2005 and then NRF-PDF from University of Pretoria and Melbourne. Presently, Dr. Kumar is working as Associate Professor and Head of School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India. He is leading a diverse research group in Life Sciences supported by DBT-BUILDER program, Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Govt of India. He referees for many more, including Phytoremediation, Journal of Soil Sediments and many more. Dr. Kumar’s research is the integration of microbial genetics with a breadth of plant physiological approaches to enable novel gene discovery and conferring metabolites.​ Dr. Wang Shanquan (ALAN) is Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China from 01/2016 to till date. His area of research focus on environmental microbiology, especially on organohalide-respiring bacteria and their conversion of halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). He integrate microbial cultivation, metagenomics, molecular techniques and bioreactor operation to gain fundamental insights of our complex biosystems (e.g. bioremediation sites and anaerobic digesters), specifically from molecular-, cellular-, community- to system-levels. The generated knowledge on these reductive processes will be further employed to devise novel methods, techniques and products for our environmental engineering purposes   

Foreword 5
Preface 8
Contents 10
Editors and Contributors 12
About the Editors 12
Contributors 15
Chapter 1: Nanobiocomposites: Synthesis and Environmental Applications 18
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Nanomaterials 19
1.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 21
1.4 Some Experimental Techniques for the Study of Nanomaterials 22
1.5 Fungi and Nanobiocomposites 24
1.6 Applications of Nanocomposites in Nanobiotechnology 27
1.6.1 Applications in Environmental Area 27
1.6.2 Applications in Agriculture: Pest Control 31
1.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 33
References 33
Chapter 2: Medical and Cosmetic Applications of Fungal Nanotechnology: Production, Characterization, and Bioactivity 37
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 39
2.3 Microorganism-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 41
2.3.1 Bacteria 42
2.3.2 Yeasts 43
2.3.3 Algae 44
2.3.4 Fungi 45
2.3.4.1 Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms 50
2.4 Mechanism of Metal Nanoparticle Biosynthesis by Fungi 51
2.4.1 Extracellular Fungal Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 52
2.4.2 Intracellular Fungal Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 53
2.5 Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 54
2.5.1 Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM) 55
2.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 55
2.5.2.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 55
2.5.2.2 Fluorescence and FTIR 55
2.5.2.3 Photoluminescence 56
2.5.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 56
2.6 Advantages of Fungal Biosynthesis Compared with Bacterial Biosynthesis 56
2.7 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 57
2.7.1 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Medical Fields 57
2.7.1.1 Drug Delivery 57
2.7.1.2 Cancer Therapy 58
2.7.1.3 Wound Healing 58
2.7.1.4 Antibacterial Activity 59
2.7.1.5 Antifungal Activity 60
2.7.1.6 Antiviral Activity 60
2.7.2 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Cosmetics 61
2.7.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles as Preservatives in Cosmetics 61
2.7.2.2 Antimicrobials in Cosmetics 62
2.7.2.3 Antioxidants and Anti-inflammatory Agents in Cosmetics 62
2.7.3 Other Applications 63
2.8 Potential Hazards of Metal Nanoparticles 63
2.9 Global Market for Nanoparticle Products 64
References 65
Chapter 3: Fungal Nanoparticles: A Novel Tool for a Green Biotechnology? 76
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology 78
3.2.1 History 79
3.2.2 Properties 79
3.3 Green Syntheses of Nanoparticles 80
3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 82
3.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 82
3.4.2 Food Industry 85
3.4.2.1 Nanocomposites 85
3.4.2.2 Nano-encapsulation 86
3.4.2.3 Nano-emulsion 86
3.4.2.4 Edible Nano-coatings 86
3.4.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 87
3.4.4 Nanotechnology in Cosmetics 88
3.4.5 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 90
3.5 Commercialization of Nanoparticles 92
3.6 Cytotoxicity of Nanotechnology 93
3.7 Regulation of Nanoparticles 94
3.8 Challenges and Future Prospects 95
3.9 Conclusion 97
References 97
Chapter 4: Application of Nanotechnology in Mycoremediation: Current Status and Future Prospects 103
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 107
4.3 Myconanoparticles 108
4.4 Proficiency of Nanoparticles 111
4.5 Approaches of Nanoparticles to Control the Pollution 111
4.6 Nanoparticles As a Sensor 113
4.7 Nanoparticles Can Clean Up Environmental Pollutants 114
4.8 Soil and Groundwater Bioremediation with Metal Nanoparticles 115
4.8.1 Adsorption by Nanoparticles 116
4.8.2 Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (nZVI) 117
4.8.3 Manganese Oxide (MnO) Nanoparticles 119
4.8.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles 119
4.8.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles 119
4.8.6 Nanoscale Calcium Peroxide 120
4.8.7 Nanobioremediation of Soil Pollutants 120
4.9 Mycoremediation of Toxic Weapons 121
4.10 Conclusions 122
References 122
Chapter 5: Fungal Nanotechnology: A New Approach Toward Efficient Biotechnology Application 131
5.1 Introduction 132
5.2 Biosynthesis of NPs by Fungi 136
5.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles 136
5.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles 137
5.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 138
5.2.4 Other Metal Nanoparticles 139
5.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 140
5.3.1 Intracellular Synthesis 140
5.3.2 Extracellular Synthesis 141
5.3.3 Biomolecules Responsible for Nanoparticle Synthesis 142
5.4 Nanoparticle Applications 144
5.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 144
5.4.2 Cytotoxicity 146
5.4.3 Fine Chemical and Pharmacology 148
5.4.4 Bioremediation 149
5.4.5 Food Safety 149
5.4.6 Plant Disease Management 150
References 150
Chapter 6: Advances in Biomedical Application of Chitosan and Its Functionalized Nano-­derivatives 158
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Fungal Sources of Chitosan 160
6.3 Structure and Composition 162
6.4 Physiochemical Properties of Chitosan 163
6.5 Synthesis of Fungal Chitosan 164
6.6 Methods for Preparation of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 165
6.6.1 Ionotropic Gelation 166
6.6.2 Coprecipitation 167
6.6.3 Emulsion Cross-Linking 167
6.6.4 Droplet Coalescence Method 168
6.6.5 Reverse Micellar Method 168
6.6.6 Spray-Drying 169
6.6.7 Sieving Method 169
6.7 Chemical Modification and Functionalization of Chitosan 170
6.8 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Systems 170
6.8.1 Chitosan-Based Systems for Antibiotics 170
6.8.2 Chitosan-Based Systems for Metals 171
6.8.3 Chitosan-Based Systems for Protein and Peptides 172
6.8.4 Chitosan-Based Systems for Dye 172
6.9 Conclusion 173
References 173
Chapter 7: Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles via Fungal Dead Biomass in Industrial Bioremediation Process 177
7.1 Introduction 178
7.2 Filamentous Fungi in NP Biosynthesis 179
7.3 Yeast in NP Biosynthesis 182
7.4 Potential Mechanisms of NP Biosynthesis 183
7.5 Mycoremediation: Current Situation 184
7.6 Biosynthesis of NPs: An Approach Using Fungal Dead Biomass in Bioremediation Process 187
7.6.1 Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs Mediated by Dead Biomass of Fungi and Yeast 188
7.6.2 Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide NPs Mediated by Dead Biomass of Fungi and Yeast 191
7.6.3 Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanofilms Mediated by Dead Biomass of Fungi and Yeast 196
7.6.4 Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Magnetic NPs Mediated by Dead Biomass of Yeast 196
7.7 Nanobiotechnology from Industrial Bioremediation Processes: Perspectives of Future Applications 201
7.7.1 Sensors 201
7.7.2 Catalysis 201
7.7.3 Drug Delivery 201
7.7.4 Antimicrobial NPs 203
7.7.5 Medical Imaging Devices 203
7.7.6 Environmental Cleanup 203
7.8 Conclusions 204
References 205
Chapter 8: Nanofabrication of Myconanoparticles: A Future Prospect 212
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 Size, Shape and Morphology of Myconanoparticles 213
8.2.1 Obstacles in the Application of Myconanoparticles 213
8.3 Nanofabrication 214
8.3.1 Deposition at the Nanoscale 215
8.3.2 Surface Functionalization 215
8.4 Etching 216
8.4.1 Dry Etching 217
8.4.2 Wet Etching 218
8.4.3 Reshaping of Nanoparticles 219
8.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
Chapter 9: In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production Through Fungal Elicitation: An Approach for Sustainability 225
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 In Vitro Culture Systems for Secondary Metabolite Production 227
9.3 Elicitors and Elicitations 229
9.4 Mechanism of Fungal Elicitor Action 230
9.5 Fungal Elicitor-Mediated Enhanced In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production 232
9.6 Future Prospects 243
References 244
Chapter 10: Metal and Metal Oxide Mycogenic Nanoparticles and Their Application As Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents 253
10.1 Introduction 254
10.2 Scope of Myconanotechnology 256
10.3 Mechanisms Involving Metal Myconanoparticle Synthesis 257
10.4 Types of Myconanoparticle Synthesis 258
10.5 Extracellular Synthesis of Myconanoparticles 258
10.5.1 Silver 258
10.5.2 Gold 261
10.5.3 Cadmium 263
10.5.4 Zinc 264
10.5.5 Iron 264
10.5.6 Other Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 265
10.6 Intracellular Synthesis of Myconanoparticles 265
10.6.1 Silver 266
10.6.2 Gold 267
10.6.3 Other Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 267
10.7 Factor Affecting Mycological Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 268
10.7.1 Temperature 268
10.7.2 Size of Biomass 269
10.7.3 Concentration of Metal Ions 270
10.7.4 pH 270
10.7.5 Reaction Time 271
10.8 Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Application of Myconanoparticles 271
10.9 Future Prospects 275
10.10 Conclusion 276
References 277
Chapter 11: Applications of Fungal Nanobiotechnology in Drug Development 282
11.1 Introduction 282
11.2 Advantages of FNBT and Applications in Drug Delivery 284
11.3 Applications of FNBT in Effective Drug Development 287
11.3.1 Anticancer 287
11.3.2 Antibacterial 288
11.3.3 Antifungal 289
11.3.4 Biosensor and Imagining 290
11.3.5 Other Biomedical Applications 290
11.4 Conclusion 291
References 291
Chapter 12: Mycosynthesized Nanoparticles: Role in Food Processing Industries 296
12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles (NPs) 298
12.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles 299
12.3.1 Extracellular Synthesis 300
12.3.2 Intracellular Mechanism 302
12.4 Production of Myconanoparticles 303
12.4.1 Techniques of Isolation and Screening of Fungi Synthesizing Nanoparticles 303
12.4.1.1 Microbial Cultures Externally Synthesizing Nanoparticles 303
12.4.1.2 Isolation of Microbial Cultures Intracellularly Synthesizing Metal Nanoparticles 304
12.4.2 Identification of the Microbial Isolate 304
12.4.3 Culture Techniques and Optimal Conditions for Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles 304
12.4.3.1 Sources for Production of Nanoparticles 305
12.4.3.2 Biomolecules Responsible for Biosynthesis 305
12.4.3.3 Optimal Reaction Conditions 305
12.4.3.4 Favorable Conditions for Inoculum Growth 305
12.4.4 Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 306
12.4.4.1 pH 306
12.4.4.2 Temperature 306
12.4.4.3 Concentration of Metal Ions 307
12.4.4.4 Exposure Time to Substrate 307
12.4.4.5 Type of Enzyme Used 307
12.4.5 Optimization 308
12.4.5.1 Optimization of Process Conditions Pertaining to Culture Media is Carried Out for the Optimal Fungal Growth and Nanosynthesis 308
12.4.5.2 Optimization of Post-induction Conditions, i.e., pH and Temperature, is Determined for Enhancing the Shelf Life 309
12.5 Factors Controlling the Size and Shape of Biologically Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles 309
12.6 Recovery Methods 310
12.6.1 Extracellular 310
12.6.2 Intracellular 310
12.6.3 Separation Techniques 311
12.6.3.1 Chromatography 311
12.6.3.2 Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) 311
12.7 Techniques for Characterization of Nanoparticles 312
12.7.1 For Determination of the Size, Shape, and Conformity of the Nanoparticles Synthesized 313
12.7.1.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 313
12.7.1.2 Electron Microscopy 313
12.7.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 313
12.7.1.4 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 313
12.7.1.5 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) 314
12.7.1.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 314
12.7.1.7 Zeta Potential Measurement 314
12.7.1.8 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 315
12.7.2 For Functional Group Identification of Synthesized Nanoparticles 315
12.7.2.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 315
12.7.2.2 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 316
12.7.2.3 Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) 316
12.8 Applications of Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles in Food Processing Industries 316
12.8.1 Food Processing 317
12.8.2 Food Packaging 318
12.8.3 Food Safety 318
12.9 Current Status and Recent Advancements of Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles 319
12.10 Conclusion 320
References 321