Advances in System Optimization and Control (eBook)

Sri Niwas Singh is currently the Vice-Chancellor of Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India and a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. He obtained his M.Tech. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, in 1989 and 1995, respectively. Prof Singh was an assistant engineer at UP State Electricity Board 1988 to 1996, and was an assistant professor at Roorkee University (now IIT Roorkee) from 1996 to 2000, and at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand from 2001 to 2002. Prof Singh has received numerous awards, including Young Engineer Award from the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), Khosla Research Award of IIT Roorkee, and Young Engineer Award of CBIP New Delhi (India). He is also the recipient of the German Humboldt Fellowship and the Danish Otto-Monsted Fellowship. In 2013, Prof Singh became the first Asian to receive the IEEE Educational Activity Board Meritorious Achievement Award in Continuing Education. He was also the recipient of the INAE Outstanding Teacher Award in 2016 and IEEE R10 region (Asia-Pacific) Outstanding Volunteer Award in 2016. His research interests include power system restructuring, FACTS, power system optimization and control, wind power and security analysis. Prof Singh has published more than 440 papers in international/national journals/conferences, and written two books. Fushuan Wen is a professor at the School of Electrical Engineering in Zhejiang University, China. He completed his B.E. and M.E. at Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and went on to do his Ph.D. at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 1991, all in Electrical Engineering. He joined the faculty of Zhejiang University in 1991, and has been a full professor and the director of the Institute of Power Economics and Information since 1997, and the director of Zhejiang University-Insigma Joint Research Center for Smart Grids since 2010. He has undertaken various teaching, research and visiting appointments at the National University of Singapore (NSTB Postdoctoral Fellowship, Research Fellowship), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Research Fellowship, Visiting Assistant Professorship), University of Hong Kong (Research Assistant Professorship), South China University of Technology (University Distinguished Professorship), University of New South Wales (ARC Senior Fellowship), Queensland University of Technology (CSIRO Visiting Fellowship), University of Technology Brunei (Professorship in Power Systems), Technical University of Denmark (Otto Monsted Guest Professorship in Power Systems), Nanyang Technological University (Visiting Fellowship). His research interests include power economics and electricity markets; power system investment; planning and operation optimization; smart grids and electric vehicles; power system alarm processing; fault diagnosis; and system restoration. Prof. Wen is an editor of IEEE Transactions on Power Systems and IEEE Power Engineering Letters, and associate editor of IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, the Journal of Energy Engineering (ASCE), and the Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy (Springer). He is also on the editorial boards of more than 10 journals. Monika Jain is a professor and head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida. Prof Jain is a senior administrator and passionate educationist with more than 20 years of experience in various prestigious institutions. She completed her M.Sc. in Instrumentation at IIT Roorkee and subsequently an M.Tech. from DAVV Indore and Ph.D. from BITS, Pilani. She has been the recipient of many awards and travel grants and has convened various high profile conferences and seminars sponsored by AICTE, DST, IEEE and other funding agencies/sponsors. She has received several financial grants from the Government of India for hosting these events. Her major contributions include the establishment of a “Project Lab on Virtual Instrumentation" funded by AICTE under the “MODROBS” scheme. Prof Jain has published more than 40 research papers in respected international journals and conferences, and her Ph.D. work was published in the IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting. Her research interests include MPEG systems, set-top box domains, embedded systems, IoTs, PLC, SCADA and automation. She serves as a reviewer for various leading conferences and journals. She is a member of IEEE, life member of IETE and member of the Indian Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ISIAM).

Preface 6
Economical Assessment of Electric Utilities 8
Sustainable Energy and Performance Analysis 8
Power Quality Enhancement 9
Power Line Communication 9
Intelligent Control Systems 9
Reliability Measures and Optimization 10
Antenna Design and Processing 10
Wireless, Private Security and Routing Techniques 11
Biomedical and Biometric Applications 11
Artificial Intelligence and Optimization 11
Signal Processing and Advanced Digital Design 12
Contents 13
About the Editors 16
Computer Architecture 18
1 FTSM: Design and Reliability Measures 19
Abstract 19
1 Introduction 20
1.1 Highlights 21
2 Literature Review 22
3 Proposed FTSM Network 23
4 Terminal Reliability and Fault Tolerance 23
4.1 Fault Tolerant 25
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 26
References 26
2 FPGA-Based Architecture for Implementation of Discrete Sine Transform 28
Abstract 28
1 Introduction 28
2 DST Algorithm 30
3 Architecture for the Proposed Algorithm 32
4 Synthesis Results 35
5 Conclusion 36
References 36
3 Design of High-Performance Mixed-Clock FIFO 38
Abstract 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Related Works 39
3 FIFO Architecture 40
3.1 Full and Empty Flags 41
4 Performance Analysis 42
5 Conclusions 45
References 45
4 Mixed Approach of Order Reduction for Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) Systems 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Description of the Method 48
2.1 Denominator Polynomial for Reduced-Order Model 48
2.2 Numerator Polynomial for Reduced-Order Model 51
3 Numerical Examples 52
4 Conclusions 57
References 57
Communication Systems 59
5 Designing Coupling Circuits for Communication of High-Frequency Signals Over Power Lines 60
Abstract 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Coupling Circuits 61
2.1 Capacitive Coupling Circuit 62
2.2 Capacitor-Coupling Transformer Coupling 63
3 Wideband Band Pass Filter Designing 63
3.1 Numerical Calculations for a Typical LC Coupling Circuit 65
3.2 Attenuation in DB for Varying Load Impedances 67
3.3 Passive Topology Chebyshev Band Pass Filter 70
3.4 Active Topology Chebyshev Band Pass Filter 71
4 Conclusion 73
References 75
6 Metamaterial-based Patch Antennas—Review 77
Abstract 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Epsilon Negative Metamaterials (?  lessthan  0) 78
3 Mu-Negative Metamaterials (?  lessthan  0) 80
4 Double-Negative Metamaterials (?  lessthan  0, ?  lessthan  0) 84
5 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 88
6 Conclusion 90
Chap6 90
Glossary 90
References 91
7 Realization of Recursive Algorithm for One-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform and Its Inverse 94
Abstract 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Recursive Algorithm for Computation of DCT-II 95
2.1 Input Folding Recursive (IFR) Transform Algorithm 96
2.1.1 IFR Kernel for k Even 96
2.1.2 IFR Kernel, k Odd 98
2.2 Recursive Output Folding Algorithms (OFR) for Inverse DCT 100
2.2.1 OFR Kernel for the Even Index Sequence X/left( k /right) 100
2.2.2 OFR Kernel for the Odd Index Sequence X/left( k /right) 102
3 Performance Comparison and Discussion 104
4 Conclusion 106
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
8 Wideband Patch Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Application 108
Abstract 108
1 Introduction 108
2 Proposed Antenna 110
2.1 Design Consideration 110
2.2 Equations 111
3 Simulated Results and Discussion 112
3.1 Return Loss 112
3.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 112
3.3 Gain 113
3.4 Radiation Pattern 114
4 Conclusion 114
References 114
9 Enhancement of Trunking Efficiency and Analysis of Cell Capacity in CDMA 116
Abstract 116
1 Introduction 117
2 Capacity Issues 118
3 Methodology 118
4 Softer and Soft Handoff in Sectorized Cells 118
4.1 Capacity Loss (Forward Link) 119
4.2 Capacity Gain (Forward Link) 121
4.2.1 Without Macrodiversity 121
4.2.2 With Macrodiversity 122
5 Results 122
5.1 Capacity Analysis for Rural Region 122
5.2 Capacity Analyses for Semi-urban Region 125
5.3 Capacity Analysis for Urban Region 127
6 Conclusion 129
References 130
10 RIS-Based Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Square and Giuseppe Peano Fractals 131
Abstract 131
1 Introduction [1, 2] 132
2 Giuseppe Peano Fractal Shape 133
3 Reactive Impedance Surface (RIS) 134
4 Proposed Antenna Design 135
5 Comparison of Proposed Antenna with Previous Designs 137
5.1 Giuseppe Peano Fractal Microstrip Multiband Patch Antenna Without RIS 138
5.2 Simple Square Patch Without RIS and with RIS 138
6 Conclusion 141
References 141
11 Spectrum Sensing Techniques for a Cognitive Radio Network 142
Abstract 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Spectrum Sensing 144
2.1 Interference Temperature Measurement 144
2.2 Receiver Detection 144
2.3 Transmitter Detection 145
3 Overview of Contributions 146
4 Our Contribution 146
4.1 Proposed Model for Adaptive Modulation for BER 146
5 Conclusion 151
References 152
System Optimization 154
12 Implementation of ANFIS Controller-Based Algorithm Measuring Speed to Eliminate RDC Hardware in Resolver-Based PMSM 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 156
2 Mathematical Modeling of PMSM and RDC 157
3 Implementation of Algorithm Using PI Controller 159
4 Implementation of Algorithm Using AI Controller 159
5 Implementation of Algorithm Using dSPACE 161
6 Results and Discussion 162
7 Conclusion 166
References 166
13 SISO Method Using Modified Pole Clustering and Simulated Annealing Algorithm 168
Abstract 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Statement of the Problem 169
3 Description of the Method 170
3.1 Determination of the Denominator Polynomial 170
3.2 Determination of the Numerator Polynomial via Simulated Annealing 172
3.2.1 Error Function Minimization Using Simulated Annealing (SA) 172
4 Numerical Example 173
5 Conclusions 175
References 175
14 Evaluation and Comparison of Effects of Common Cause Failures on Redundancy Optimization of a Complex Network 177
Abstract 177
1 Introduction [1] 178
2 Process for Reliability Optimization Using Redundancy Optimization [3, 4] 178
3 Technique to Incorporate the CCF for Reliability Evaluation [6–8] 178
3.1 Assumptions 178
3.2 Technique to Integrate CCF 179
4 Example 179
5 Observation and Conclusion 182
References 182
15 Privacy by Using an Asymmetry Encryption for Pseudonymization in Mix-Zones over Road Networks 183
Abstract 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Secure Road Network Junctions 184
3 Assumptions for Defining System Architecture 185
4 Authentication of the Users 185
5 Roadside Unit (RSU) 186
6 Encryption Scenario Considered 187
7 Encryption and Pseudonym Generation Using MAC 188
8 Subscription Process 190
9 Conclusion 191
References 191
Signal Processing 192
16 EMD Analysis of EEG Signals for Seizure Detection 193
Abstract 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Materials 195
3 Methods 195
3.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) 196
3.2 Feature Extraction and Selection 197
3.3 Classification 197
4 Results and Discussion 198
5 Conclusion 200
References 200
17 Novel Biometric Modalities 201
Abstract 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Novel Modalities 202
2.1 Gait 202
2.2 Eye Movements 203
2.3 Retinal Vascular Pattern 204
2.4 Palm Finger Joints 204
2.5 Heart Sound 204
2.6 Overt Mental Stimuli Brain Signal 206
2.7 Ocular Surface Vasculature 206
2.8 Palm Vein 207
2.9 Dental Radiograph 207
3 Multimodal Biometrics 208
4 Conclusion 208
References 209
18 Handwritten Character Recognition—An Analysis 210
Abstract 210
1 Introduction 210
1.1 Preprocessing 211
1.2 Segmentation 211
1.3 Feature Extraction 211
1.4 Classification and Recognition 212
1.5 Postprocessing 212
2 Literature Review 212
2.1 Artificial Neural Networks 213
2.2 Radial Basis Function 213
2.3 Statistical Methods 214
2.4 Structural Methods 214
2.5 Feature Extraction Techniques 214
3 Conclusion 214
References 215
19 Design of Low-Power EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interface 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Origin and Evolution of BCI 217
3 Classification of BCI Systems 218
3.1 Invasive Technique 218
3.2 Semi-invasive Technique 218
3.3 Non-invasive Technique 219
4 Methodology and Outline of the System 219
5 Conclusion 223
References 224
20 Denoising of Images Using Neural Network: A Review 225
Abstract 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Basics of Neural Network 226
3 Neural Network-Based Denoising Techniques 227
4 Conclusions 228
References 229
21 Adaptive Volterra Filters for Active Control of Nonlinear Noise Processes 230
Abstract 230
1 Introduction 230
2 A Volterra Nonlinear ANC System 232
3 Secondary Propagation Path Transfer Function with Non-Minimum Phase 234
4 Conclusion 236
References 236
Fluid Dynamics 237
22 Estimation of Dispersion in Mildly Curved Channel Flow with Absorbing Boundaries Using Multiquadric Radial Basis Function (MQRBF) Method 238
Abstract 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Mathematical Formulation 239
3 Transformation 240
4 Methodology 241
5 Result and Discussions 241
6 Conclusions 243
References 243
Process Control 245
23 Model Based Predictive Control of the Four Tank System 246
Abstract 246
1 Introduction 247
2 Dynamic Model of FTS 248
3 Model Predictive Control 250
3.1 Prediction for SISO Step Response Models 251
3.2 MPC Objective Function 252
4 Simulation Results 253
5 Conclusion 256
References 256
24 Comparative Study of Duval Triangle with the New DGA Interpretation Scheme 258
Abstract 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Basic Knowledge 260
2.1 Graphical Method: Duval Triangle 260
2.2 New DGA Interpretation Technique 261
3 Results and Discussion 263
4 Conclusion 264
References 264