Tag Counting and Monitoring in Large-Scale RFID Systems (eBook)

Lin Chen received his B.E. degree in Radio Engineering from Southeast University, China in 2002 and the Engineer Diploma and Ph.D. degree from Telecom Paris Tech, in 2005. He also holds a M.S. degree of Networking from the University of Paris 6. He currently works as associate professor in the department of computer science of the University of Paris-Sud. He serves as Chair of IEEE Special Interest Group on Green and Sustainable Networking and Computing with Cognition and Cooperation, IEEE Technical Committee on Green Communications and Computing. His main research interests include modeling and control for wireless networks, distributed algorithm design and game theory. Jihong Yu received the B.E degree in communication engineering and M.E degree in communication and information systems from Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China, in 2010 and 2013, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science at the University of Paris-Sud, France, in 2016. He is currently a research fellow at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He serves as TPC member of IEEE ICNC 2018. His research interests include networking and RFID technologies.

Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction 11
1.1 RFID Technology 11
1.2 FSA Stability 12
1.3 Tag Counting 13
1.4 Tag Monitoring 14
1.5 Book Organization 14
References 15
2 Stability Analysis of Frame Slotted Aloha Protocol 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Context and Motivation 17
2.1.2 Summary of Contributions 18
2.2 Related Work 19
2.3 System Model 20
2.3.1 Physical Layer and Random Access Model in FSA 20
2.3.2 Traffic Model 21
2.3.3 Packet Success Probability 22
2.3.3.1 Packet Success Probability of FSA-SPR 22
2.3.3.2 Packet Success Probability of FSA-MPR 23
2.4 Main Results 23
2.4.1 Results for FSA-SPR 25
2.4.2 Results for FSA-MPR 26
2.5 Stability Analysis of FSA-SPR 27
2.5.1 Characterising Backlog Markov Chain 27
2.5.2 Stability Analysis 29
2.5.3 System Behavior in Instability Region 34
2.6 Stability Analysis of FSA-MPR 37
2.6.1 Stability Analysis 37
2.6.2 System Behavior in Instability Region 39
2.7 Discussion 41
2.8 Numerical Results 42
2.8.1 Stability Properties of FSA 42
2.8.2 Comparison Under Different Frame Sizes 43
2.8.3 Comparison Between FSA-SPR and FSA-MPR 44
2.9 Conclusion 45
2.10 Proofs 45
2.10.1 Proof of Lemma 2.3 45
2.10.2 Proof of Lemma 2.6 47
2.10.3 Proof of Lemma 2.7 50
References 51
3 From Static to Dynamic Tag Population Estimation: An Extended Kalman Filter Perspective 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.1.1 Context and Motivation 53
3.1.2 Summary of Contributions 54
3.2 Related Work 54
3.2.1 Tag Population Estimation for Static RFID Systems 55
3.2.2 Tag Population Estimation for Dynamic RFID Systems 55
3.3 Technical Preliminaries 56
3.3.1 Extended Kalman Filter 57
3.3.2 Boundedness of Stochastic Process 58
3.4 System Model and Problem Formulation 60
3.4.1 System Model 60
3.4.2 Tag Population Estimation Problem 60
3.5 Tag Population Estimation: Static Systems 61
3.5.1 System Dynamics and Measurement Model 61
3.5.2 Tag Population Estimation Algorithm 62
3.6 Tag Population Estimation: Dynamic Systems 64
3.6.1 System Dynamics and Measurement Model 64
3.6.2 Tag Population Estimation Algorithm 64
3.6.3 Detecting Tag Population Change: CUSUM Test 65
3.7 Performance Analysis 67
3.7.1 Static Case 68
3.7.2 Dynamic Case 75
3.8 Discussion 80
3.9 Numerical Analysis 81
3.9.1 Algorithm Verification 81
3.9.2 Algorithm Performance 82
3.9.2.1 Static System (zk=104) 83
3.9.2.2 Dynamic System 84
3.10 Conclusion 84
References 84
4 Finding Needles in a Haystack: Missing Tag Detection in Large RFID Systems 86
4.1 Introduction 86
4.1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement 86
4.1.2 Prior Art and Limitation 87
4.1.3 Proposed Solution and Main Contributions 88
4.2 Related Work 89
4.2.1 Probabilistic Protocols 89
4.2.2 Deterministic Protocols 89
4.2.3 Bloom Filter 90
4.3 System Model and Problem Formulation 90
4.3.1 System Model 90
4.3.2 Problem Formulation 90
4.4 Bloom Filter-Based Missing Tag Detection Protocol 92
4.4.1 Design Rational and Protocol Overview 92
4.4.2 Phase 1: Unexpected Tag Deactivation 92
4.4.3 Phase 2: Missing Tag Detection 93
4.4.4 An Illustrative Example of BMTD 93
4.5 Performance Optimisation and Parameter Tuning 94
4.5.1 Tuning Parameters in Phase 1 94
4.5.2 Tuning Parameters in Phase 2 96
4.5.3 Tuning kj* and J to Minimize Worst-Case ExecutionTime 99
4.5.4 Tuning kj* and J to Minimize Expected Detection Time 100
4.5.5 BMTD Parameter Setting: Summary 103
4.6 Cardinality Estimation 103
4.6.1 Fast Detection of Missing Event 104
4.6.2 Sensibility to Estimation Error 105
4.6.3 Enforcing Detection Reliability 106
4.6.4 Discussion on Multi-Reader Case 106
4.7 Performance Evaluation 107
4.7.1 Comparison Between Two Strategies of BMTD 107
4.7.2 Comparison between BMTD and RUN 108
4.7.2.1 Comparison Under Different Number of Missing Tags 108
4.7.2.2 Comparison Under Different Number of Unexpected Tags 109
4.7.2.3 Comparison Under Different Values of Threshold 110
4.8 Conclusion 112
References 112
5 On Missing Tag Detection in Multiple-Group Multiple-Region RFID Systems 114
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 115
5.2.1 System Model 115
5.2.2 Problem Formulation 116
5.2.3 Design Rational 117
5.3 The Baseline Approach 117
5.3.1 Protocol Description 118
5.3.2 Performance Optimisation and Parameter Tuning 118
5.4 The Adaptive Approach 121
5.4.1 Protocol Description 121
5.4.2 Performance Optimisation and Parameter Tuning 122
5.4.3 Performance Comparison: B-Detect vs. AB-Detect 125
5.5 The Group-Wise Approach 126
5.5.1 Protocol Description 126
5.5.2 Performance Optimisation and Parameter Tuning 127
5.5.3 Performance Comparison: AB-Detect vs. GAB-Detect 129
5.6 Discussion 130
5.6.1 Estimating Tag Population 130
5.6.2 Presence of Unknown/Unexpected Tags 131
5.7 Numerical Results 132
5.7.1 Simulation Settings 132
5.7.2 Performance Evaluation 132
5.7.2.1 Performance Under Symmetric Scenario 132
5.7.2.2 Performance Under Asymmetric Scenario 133
5.7.2.3 Impact of Nonidentical Mg 134
5.8 Conclusion 136
References 136
6 Conclusion and Perspective 137
6.1 Book Summary 137
6.2 Open Questions and Future Work 138
6.2.1 Energy Efficiency 138
6.2.2 Security and Privacy 139
6.2.3 Compatibility and Implementability 139
Index 140