Systems Engineering Principles and Practice

ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF (deceased) was a former Director and Chief Scientist of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Program Chair of the MS program in Systems Engineering and Technical Management at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. SAMUEL J. SEYMOUR, PHD, (retired) former Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. He served as Systems Engineering Vice Chair under Professor Kossiakoff for over 15 years and was the lead author of the Second Edition. DAVID A. FLANIGAN, PHD, is the Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. STEVEN M. BIEMER is a Professor at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering where he teaches Systems Engineering courses. Professor Biemer assisted Professor Kossiakoff in developing the first edition of this book.

List of Illustrations xv

List of Tables xix

Preface to the Third Edition xxi

Preface to the Second Edition xxv

Preface to the First Edition xxix

Part I Foundations of Systems Engineering 1

1 Systems Engineering and the World of Modern Systems 3

1.1 What is Systems Engineering? 3

1.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 5

1.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 9

1.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 12

1.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 16

1.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 20

1.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 20

1.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 24

1.9 Summary 27

Problems 29

References 30

Further Reading 30

2 Structure of Complex Systems 33

2.1 System Elements and Interfaces 33

2.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 34

2.3 System Building Blocks 38

2.4 The System Environment 43

2.5 Interfaces and Interactions 51

2.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 54

2.7 Summary 57

Problems 58

Reference 59

Further Reading 60

3 The System Development Process 61

3.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 61

3.2 System Life Cycle 62

3.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 74

3.4 The Systems Engineering Method 81

3.5 Testing Throughout System Development 94

3.6 Summary 96

Problems 98

Reference 99

Further Reading 99

4 Systems Engineering Management 101

4.1 Managing System Development 101

4.2 Work Breakdown Structure 103

4.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 108

4.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 111

4.5 Summary 115

Problems 116

Further Reading 116

Part II Concept Development Stage 119

5 Needs Analysis 121

5.1 Originating a New System 121

5.2 Systems Thinking 130

5.3 Operations Analysis 132

5.4 Feasibility Definition 143

5.5 Needs Validation 145

5.6 Summary 149

Problems 150

References 151

Further Reading 151

6 Requirements Analysis 153

6.1 Developing the System Requirements 153

6.2 Requirements Development and Sources 157

6.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 160

6.4 Requirements Development Process 163

6.5 Requirements Hierarchy 167

6.6 Requirements Metrics 175

6.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 177

6.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 179

6.9 Summary 179

Problems 181

Further Reading 181

7 Functional Analysis 183

7.1 Selecting the System Concept 183

7.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 188

7.3 Functional Allocation 194

7.4 Functional Analysis Products 197

7.5 Traceability to Requirements 202

7.6 Concept Development Space 204

7.7 Summary 206

Problems 207

Further Reading 208

8 Evaluation and Selection 209

8.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 209

8.2 Alternatives Analysis 210

8.3 Operations Research Techniques 214

8.4 Economics and Affordability 218

8.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 222

8.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 224

8.7 Concept Validation 229

8.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 230

8.9 Summary 231

Problems 233

References 234

Further Reading 234

9 Systems Architecting 235

9.1 Architecture Introduction 235

9.2 Types of Architecture 236

9.3 Architecture Frameworks 241

9.4 Architectural Views 244

9.5 Architecture Development 246

9.6 Architecture Traceability 247

9.7 Architecture Validation 248

9.8 Summary 249

Problems 251

Further Reading 251

10 Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) 253

10.1 MBSE Introduction 253

10.2 MBSE Languages 259

10.3 MBSE Tools 260

10.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 262

10.5 Examples 263

10.6 Summary 267

Problems 272

References 273

Further Reading 273

11 Decision Analysis and Support 275

11.1 Decision Making 276

11.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 282

11.3 Modeling for Decisions 282

11.4 Simulation 287

11.5 Trade‐Off Analysis 296

11.6 Evaluation Methods 313

11.7 Summary 321

Problems 324

References 324

Further Reading 325

12 Risk Management 327

12.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 327

12.2 Risk Management 328

12.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 337

12.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 338

12.5 Summary 345

Problems 346

Reference 346

Further Reading 347

Part III Engineering Development Phase 349

13 Advanced Development 351

13.1 Reducing Uncertainties 351

13.2 Requirements Analysis 356

13.3 Functional Analysis and Design 361

13.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 367

13.5 Development Testing 376

13.6 Risk Reduction 385

13.7 Summary 387

Problems 388

References 390

Further Reading 391

14 Software Systems Engineering 393

14.1 Components of Software 394

14.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 394

14.3 Nature of Software Development 398

14.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 403

14.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 412

14.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 424

14.7 Software Integration and Test 432

14.8 Software Engineering Management 435

14.9 Summary 442

Problems 445

References 446

Further Reading 446

15 Engineering Design 449

15.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 449

15.2 Requirements Analysis 454

15.3 Functional Analysis and Design 456

15.4 Component Design 460

15.5 Design Validation 473

15.6 Configuration Management 478

15.7 Summary 481

Problems 483

Further Reading 483

16 Systems Integration 485

16.1 Integrating the Total System 485

16.2 System Integration Hierarchy 488

16.3 Types of Integration 492

16.4 Integration Planning 494

16.5 Integration Facilities 494

16.6 Summary 496

Problems 497

References 498

Further Reading 498

17 Test and Evaluation 499

17.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 499

17.2 Developmental System Testing 509

17.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 515

17.4 Human Factors Testing 523

17.5 Test Planning and Preparation 524

17.6 Test Traceability 529

17.7 System of Systems Testing 529

17.8 Summary 530

Problems 533

References 534

Further Reading 534

Part IV Post‐Development Stage 537

18 Production 539

18.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 539

18.2 Engineering for Production 541

18.3 Transition from Development to Production 545

18.4 Production Operations 549

18.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 554

18.6 Summary 557

Problems 559

References 560

Further Reading 560

19 Operation and Support 561

19.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 561

19.2 Installation and Test 564

19.3 In‐Service Support 569

19.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 573

19.5 Operational Factors in System Development 577

19.6 Summary 580

Problems 581

Reference 582

Further Reading 582

20 System of Systems Engineering 583

20.1 System of Systems Engineering 583

20.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 584

20.3 Types of SOS 587

20.4 Attributes of SOS 590

20.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 591

20.6 Summary 593

Problems 595

References 595

Further Reading 596

Part V Systems Domains 597

21 Enterprise Systems Engineering 599

21.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 599

21.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 600

21.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 603

21.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 605

21.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 606

21.6 Summary 607

Problems 607

References 608

Further Reading 609

22 Systems Security Engineering 611

22.1 Systems Security Engineering 611

22.2 Types of Security 613

22.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 616

22.4 Security Applications to Domains 619

22.5 Security Validation and Analysis 621

22.6 Summary 621

Problems 623

Further Reading 624

23 The Future of Systems Engineering 627

23.1 Introduction and Motivation 627

23.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 630

23.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 632

23.4 Concluding Remarks 634

23.5 Summary 635

Problems 636

Further Reading 636

Index 639

Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management 000