Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials (eBook)

Anna C Berardi currently serves as the head of the Stem Cells Laboratory, and she is also the Head of the Research and Development Laboratory in the U.O.C. of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Laboratory at the Pescara Civil Hospital. She completed her Ph.D. in Dr. David Scadden’s laboratory at the Research Laboratory Hematology/Oncology of New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA. She did post-doc work at Dr. William Vainchenker’s Laboratory at the Research of Hematology and Stem Cells, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Paris, and also worked at the Laboratory of Molecular Citology in the Center of Advanced Biotechnologies, Genoa. She was P.I. at the Laboratory of Haematology-Oncology, National Health Institute, Rome before serving as Head of the research laboratory on Stem Cells at the Onco-Haematology Department at Clinic Institute Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan and Head of the “Stem Cells” Laboratory Bambino Gesù, Children Hospital, Rome. She was Visiting Professor at the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Dr. Berardi has devoted her career largely to biomedical research towards hematopoietic stem cells biology, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and stem cells technology. Through cutting-edge technologies and broadly collaborative approaches, she is also committed to training the new generation of stem cell biologists and to building a strong, unique and competitive stem cell research program that will ultimately benefit patients.

Preface 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Abbreviations 11
Extracellular Matrix 12
1 The Extracellular Matrix, Growth Factors and Morphogens in Biomaterial Design and Tissue Engineering 13
Abstract 13
Introduction 14
Key Molecular ECM Components 14
Prominent Role of the Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans 16
Fibrous Proteins and Adhesive Glycoproteins 17
Growth Factors 18
Protease Activity and Role of Proteolytic Enzyme in ECM 21
Extracellular Vesicles in the ECM Structure/Organization 22
Importance of ECM–Integrin Interactions 23
Mechanical Signals Inside the ECM 25
Morphogenesis 26
Morphogenesis of 3D Tissue Architecture in Vivo: Folds, Tubes, and Branches 27
Growth Factors and Morphogens for Tissue Engineering 28
Growth Factor and Morphogen Delivery Through Engineered ECM 29
Engineering Growth Factors and Morphogens for Interaction with Exogenous Biomaterials and for Delivery Through the Native ECM 30
References 30
2 ECM Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine 37
Abstract 37
Historical Development of ECM-Derived Materials 38
Biochemical Content 39
Bioinductive Properties 40
Antimicrobial Properties 40
Chemoattraction 40
Macrophage Polarization 41
Types of ECM-Derived Materials 42
ECM Hydrogel Formation 43
Methods for ECM Hydrogel Production 44
ECM Hydrogel Characterization 45
Biocompatibility 45
Biochemical Composition 46
Gelation Kinetics and Mechanical Properties 46
Gel Topology 48
Tissue-Specific Hydrogels 48
Heart 49
Fat 51
Skin 53
Liver 53
Skeletal Muscle 54
Central Nervous System 55
Cartilage 56
Tendon and Ligament 57
Intervertebral Disk 58
Others 59
Hybrid Hydrogels 60
Future Directions 61
References 62
3 Biologically Relevant Laminins in Regenerative Medicine 69
Abstract 69
Introduction 70
Cell Niche and Extracellular Matrix 72
Expanding Cells in Vitro: Future of Regenerative Medicine 72
Three Pillars of Cell Niche: Growth Factors, Cell–Cell Contacts, and Niche-Specific Extracellular Matrix 73
Laminins: Sixteen Niche-Specific Extracellular Matrix Molecules with Unique Biological Function 74
Laminins: Molecular Aspects and Cell Signaling 74
Laminins: Chains and Trimers 75
Molecular Interactions of Laminins 78
Interactions with Cell Receptors and Co-Signaling 78
Extracellular Matrix Interactions 79
Mechanotransduction 79
Proteolytically Degraded Forms of Laminins 80
Possible Antagonistic Functions of Related Laminins 80
Biologically Relevant Laminins for In Vitro Cell and Organoid Cultures 81
Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 81
Bone Marrow-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells 83
Insulin-Producing Pancreatic Islets 83
Neurobiology 84
Evaluation Criteria in Developing Cell Culture System 84
Future Challenges 85
Summary 86
Acknowledgements 87
References 87
4 Extracellular Matrix: Immunity and Inflammation 93
Abstract 93
The Extracellular Matrix 93
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) 95
Versican 97
Hyaluronan 99
Thrombospondins 99
Cells 100
Inflammation 101
Metalloproteinases and Inflammation 102
Versican and Inflammation 104
Hyaluronan and Inflammation 105
Thrombospondins and Inflammation 106
Immunity 108
Metalloproteinases and Immunity 109
Versican and Immunity 111
Hyaluronan and Immunity 112
Thrombospondins and Immunity 113
References 114
Material Inspired from Nature 120
5 Biologically Inspired Materials in Tissue Engineering 121
Abstract 121
Functional Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications 122
3D Drug Releasing Scaffolds 128
Fibrinogen-Based Scaffolds 135
References 143
Nanotechnologies and Biomimetic 156
6 Advances in Nanotechnologies for the Fabrication of Silk Fibroin-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration 157
Abstract 157
Conclusions 164
References 164
7 Nanoscale Architecture for Controlling Cellular Mechanoresponse in Musculoskeletal Tissues 167
Abstract 167
Nanometric Architecture 168
Nanoscale Engineering 168
Tensegrity 169
Architecture and Prestress 169
Tensegrity and Mechanochemical Transduction 171
Hormesis 173
Bone and Osteoinduction 176
ECM and Tendons 179
Proprioception: Muscle, Tendon, and Ligament 180
Nanoscale Biotechnology 185
Conclusions 189
References 190
8 Modular Tissue Engineering: An Artificial Extracellular Matrix to Address and Stimulate Regeneration/Differentiation 196
Abstract 196
The “Top-Down” or “Bottom-Up” Approach: Which Is the Best Choice? 196
Biomaterials for Scaffold Fabrication 199
3D Scaffold Fabrication: The Organic Solvent Can Be Replaced by Supercritical Fluid 200
Microdevices and Microcapsules Fabrication: A Challenge for Supercritical Fluid Technology 204
Micro-/Nanocarriers as Functional Components for a Bottom-Up Approach to Bioengineered Scaffold 205
Conclusions and Perspectives 210
References 211
Index 216