Cloud Computing (eBook)

Naresh K. Sehgal has been working at Intel since 1988, prior to that completed his B.E. from Punjab Engineering College (India), M.S. and Ph.D. from Syracuse University (New York). Naresh has taught a Cloud Computing class at Santa Clara University (California), where he also earned a MBA. Pramod Chandra (PCP) Bhatt started his teaching career in 1965 at IIT Kanpur, and then moved to IIT Delhi in 1969, and retired from IIT Delhi in 1996. Prof Bhatt also worked as a visiting professor at the University of Ottawa, McGill University, Montreal (Canada), Universities of Dortmund, Paderborn and Bochum (Germany), Kochi University of Technology (Japan), Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc) at Bangalore. Professor Bhatt has a M.E. from Calcutta University and a PhD from IIT Kanpur. He has also been a Konrad Zuse Fellow at the University of Dortmund.

Foreword by Diane M. Bryant 6
Foreword by Professor V. Rajaraman 6
Preface 10
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 13
About the Authors 18
Abbreviations 19
Definitions 21
1 Introduction 24
1.1 Motivation 24
1.2 Cloud Computing Definitions 25
1.3 Cloud Computing Operational Characteristics 26
1.3.1 Cloud Computing Benefits 29
1.3.2 Cloud Computing Potential Risks 29
1.4 Cloud Computing Trends 29
1.4.1 Trend #1: Abstraction of Network, Storage, Database, Security, and Computing Infrastructure 29
1.4.2 Trend #2: A Pricing Model that Is Retail in Its Conception 30
1.4.3 Trend #3: Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) 30
1.5 Cloud Computing Needs 31
1.6 Points to Ponder 32
References 33
2 Foundations of Cloud Computing 34
2.1 Historical Evolution 34
2.2 Different Network Protocols 36
2.3 Evolution of Enterprise IT 39
2.4 Evolution of Web Services 40
2.5 Server Operations in a Data Center 43
2.6 Server-Based Web Services 48
2.7 Service-Oriented Architecture 49
2.8 Building an Enterprise SOA Solution 51
2.9 Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approach 53
2.10 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) 54
2.11 Enterprise Implementation on Private Clouds 56
2.12 Enterprise Implementation on Hybrid Clouds 58
2.13 Web Threat Models 58
2.14 Open Web Application Security Project 60
2.15 Summary 62
2.16 Points to Ponder 62
References 63
3 Cloud Computing Pyramid 64
3.1 Roots of Cloud Computing 64
3.2 Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing 67
3.3 Cloud Players and Their Concerns 68
3.4 Considerations for Cloud Data Centers 70
3.4.1 Migration 71
3.4.2 Performance 71
3.5 Points to Ponder 72
References 72
4 Features of Private and Public Clouds 74
4.1 Customer Expectations of Cloud Computing 74
4.2 Interoperability of Cloud Computing 76
4.3 Reliability of Cloud Computing 76
4.4 Performance of Cloud Computing 78
4.5 A Sample Study 79
4.6 Summary 82
4.7 Points to Ponder 82
References 83
5 Cloud Workload Characterization 84
5.1 Motivation 84
5.2 Some Background on Workload Characterization 85
5.3 Top-Level Cloud Workload Categorization 88
5.4 Cloud Workload Categories 89
5.5 Computing Resources 93
5.5.1 Data Buses Between Servers 94
5.6 Example Workload Categorizations 95
5.7 Temporal Variability of Workloads 95
5.8 Low-Level or Hardware Metrics of Computer Utilization 99
5.9 Dynamic Monitoring and Cloud Resource Allocation 100
5.10 Benefits to Cloud Service Providers 101
5.11 Summary 103
5.12 Points to Ponder 104
References 104
6 Cloud Management and Monitoring 107
6.1 Motivation 107
6.2 Introduction to Cloud Setup and Basic Tools 107
6.3 Noisy Neighbors in a Cloud 108
6.4 Cloud Management Requirements 109
6.5 Essentials of Monitoring 110
6.6 Some Example of Monitoring Tools 111
6.7 Future Work 113
6.8 Points to Ponder 114
References 114
7 Cloud Computing and Information Security 115
7.1 Background and Definitions 115
7.2 Security Concerns of Cloud Operating Models 117
7.3 Identity Authentication 118
7.4 Secure Transmissions 122
7.5 Secure Storage and Computation 122
7.6 The Security Players 123
7.7 Traditional Versus Internet Security Issues 124
7.8 Variations and Special Cases for Security Issues with Cloud Computing 127
7.8.1 The Players 127
7.8.2 Secure Communication 128
7.8.3 An Example Security Scenario for Cloud Computing 129
7.9 A Few Key Challenges Related to Cloud Computing and Virtualization 130
7.10 Some Suggested Security Practices for Cloud Computing 132
7.11 Summary 133
7.12 Points to Ponder 134
References 134
8 Migrating to Cloud 136
8.1 Cloud Business Models 136
8.2 A Case Study: B2C 137
8.3 A Case Study: B2B 138
8.4 A Case Study: C2C 140
8.5 Summary 141
8.6 Points to Ponder 141
References 142
9 Migrating a Complex Industry to Cloud 143
9.1 Background 143
9.2 Introduction to EDA 144
9.3 A Brief History of EDA Tools and Flows 145
9.3.1 The Nascent Years of the 70s 145
9.3.2 The Roaring 80s 146
9.3.3 Growing up in the 90s 146
9.3.4 Maturing into the First Decade of Twenty-First Century 147
9.3.5 From 2010s till Now, EDA Stable 147
9.4 EDA Flow Steps Mapping to Cloud 148
9.5 Considerations for Cloud Computing Adoption 153
9.6 Summary 156
9.7 Points to Ponder 157
References 158
10 Costing and Billing Practices in Cloud 160
10.1 Cloud as a Service (CaaS): The Billing Imperatives 160
10.1.1 Billing and Best Practices 160
10.2 Pay as You Go 161
10.3 Amazon EC2 Motivations and Setup 162
10.3.1 Amazon’s On-Demand Instances 163
10.3.2 Amazon Spot Instances 163
10.3.3 Amazon Reserved Instances 164
10.3.4 Amazon Dedicated Instances and Dedicated Hosts 164
10.4 Motivation and Methods for Right Sizing Customer VMs 165
10.4.1 Elastic IP 165
10.4.2 Elastic Load Balancing 166
10.4.3 Auto-Scaling 167
10.5 Cost Minimization 168
10.6 Capacity Forecasting 171
10.7 Optimizations Across Clouds 172
10.8 Types of Cloud Service-Level Agreements 174
10.9 Summary 176
10.10 Points to Ponder 176
References 177
11 Analytics in the Cloud 178
11.1 Background and Problem Statement 178
11.2 Introduction to MapReduce 181
11.3 Introduction to Hadoop 181
11.4 Usage of Amazon’s MapReduce 184
11.5 Twitter Sentimental Analysis Using Cloud 186
11.6 Future Possibilities 187
11.7 Points to Ponder 188
References 188
12 Future Trends in Cloud Computing 189
12.1 Revisiting History of Computing 189
12.2 Current Limitations of Cloud Computing 189
12.3 Emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) 191
12.4 Emergence of Machine Learning 192
12.5 Emergence of Edge Computing 194
12.6 Security Issues in Edge Computing 195
12.7 Security Considerations for Edge Computing 196
12.8 Future Work Needed 198
12.9 Example of an IoT-Based Cloud Service 199
12.10 Summary 200
12.11 Points to Ponder 201
References 201
13 A Quick Test of Your Cloud Fundamentals Grasp 202
14 Hands-On Project to Use Cloud Service Provider 212
14.1 Project 1: Install Lamp Stack on Amazon EC2 212
14.1.1 Installing Lamp Web Server on AWS via EC2 212
14.1.2 Installing Wordpress 222
14.1.3 Wordpress URL 234
14.2 Project 2: Install PHP on Your AWS Instance 234
14.3 Project 3: Enhance Security of Your AWS Instance 236
14.4 Project 4: Setup a Load Balancer for Your AWS Instance 238
14.4.1 Elastic Load Balancer Setup 238
14.4.2 Unique Features of AWS Load Balancer 243
14.5 Project 5: Use Elastic IP for Your AWS Instance 244
14.5.1 How to Make an Instance Elastic 244
14.5.2 Extra: Elastic IP 244
14.6 Bonus 246
14.7 Points to Ponder 256
Appendix A 257
Appendix B: Additional Considerations for Cloud Computing 275
Appendix C: Suggested List of Additional Cloud Projects 280
Index 282