Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Plants

OMAR S. MAZZONI, PE, D.Sc., is the Owner/President-Founder of Systems Research International, Inc., and has been a consultant for electrical systems in the energy industry for more than 49 years. He has been an instructor for special courses for government agencies in the U.S. and abroad, as well as teaching university-level courses at George Washington University, Pratt Institute of New York, Zimbabwe University, and Harare Polytechnic. Dr. Mazzoni is also an IEEE Life Sr. Member, and has contributed to multiple IEEE standards.

Preface

Chapter 1: Elements of a Power System
The Alternating Current One Line Diagram
Basis for One Line Representation
Main Electrical Components of Power Plants
Transmission Lines, Switchyards, and Substation
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 2: Nuclear Power Plants, General Information
Introduction
Environmental Impact
Nuclear Generation Fuel Cycle
Evolution of Nuclear Power Generation
Nuclear Power in the United States
Plans for New Reactors Worldwide
Increased Capacity
Nuclear Plant Construction
Nuclear Plant Licensing
Current Commercial Nuclear Plants
Evolutionary Commercial Nuclear Plants
Advanced Reactors
Nuclear Accidents: Three Mile Island, Chernobil, and Fukushima Events
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 3: Special Regulations and Requirements
Regulations
IEEE Standards
NRC Regulatory Guides
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 4: Unique Requirements - Class 1E Power System
Class 1E Electrical Systems - General Description
Specific Requirements for Class 1E AC Power Systems
Specific Requirements for Class 1E DC Power Systems
Specific Requirements for Class 1E Instrumentation and Control Systems
Specific Requirements for Class 1E Containment Electrical Penetrations
Specific Requirements for Emergency On-Site AC Power Sources
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 5: Nuclear Plants Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies
Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies General
Service Classification
Electrical Design Requirements
Mechanical Design Requirements
Fire Resistance Requirements
Qualified Life
Qualification Tests
Design Tests
Production Tests
Monitoring and Testability
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 6: On-Site Emergency AC Source
General Requirements of the Emergency AC Source
General Requirements of Diesel Generators used as Emergency AC Source
EDG General Requirements Load Carrying Capability
EDG General Requirements Speed Control
EDG General Requirements - Protection Considerations
Specific Design Requirements for Emergency Diesel Generators
EDG Specific Design Requirements Surveillance Systems
Factory Qualification
General
Factory Qualification - Testing and Analyses
Factory Qualification -Engine Tests
Factory Qualification - Generator Tests
Factory Qualification - Initial Type Tests of the EDG Set
Factory Qualification - Start and Load Acceptance Tests
Factory Qualification - Aging Test
Factory Qualification - Seismic Requirements
Site Acceptance Testing
Site Pre-Operational Testing
Site Operational Testing
Site Periodic Testing Applicable Terms
Site Periodic Testing
Test Parameters to Be Recorded
Records
Site Periodic Testing and Surveillance - Preventive Maintenance Program
Recommended Program for EDG Monitoring and Trending Parameters
Diesel-Generator Unit Reliability Program Elements
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 7: On-Site Emergency DC Source
Energy Storage Systems for Nuclear Generating Stations
General Requirements of Direct Current Systems
Design Requirements
Operating Mode of DC Storage Systems
Capability, Availability, Independence, and Testing of Battery Systems
Installation of Battery Systems
Classification of Loads in Terms of Service Duration Requirements
Battery Duty Cycle Diagram
Cell Selection
Determining Battery Size
Battery Chargers
Function, Capability, Availability, Independence, and Testing of Battery Chargers
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 8: Protective Relaying
General
General Criteria for the Protection System
Specific Criteria for Protection of AC Systems
Switchgear and Bus Protection
Bus Voltage Monitoring Schemes
Protection of Motors and Feeder Circuits
Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) Protection
Load Shedding and Sequential Loading
Protection against Unbalanced Voltages
Negative-Sequence Protection
Negative-Sequence Current Relay (Device 46)
Device 47 Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
Degraded Voltage Protection
Surge Protection
Protection for Instrumentation and Control Power System
Protection Aspects for Auxiliary System Automatic Bus Transfer
Protection for Primary Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies
Protection of Valve Actuator Motors (VAMs) (Direct Gear Driven)
Protection for DC Systems
Testing and Surveillance of Protective Systems
Preoperational Tests
Surveillance
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 9: Interface of the Nuclear Plant with the Grid
PPS Safety Function
Requirements of the PPS
General254
Availability, Capacity, Capability, and Independence
Lightning and Surge Protection
Reliability
Interface between the Nuclear Plant and the Grid
The Transmission Grid Operator and the Nuclear Plant Operator Should Establish the Following Criteria for Interface (see IEEE 765)
The Number of Transmission Circuits Required to be in Service for Normal, Startup, Shutdown, and Accident Conditions
Transmission Line and Switchyard Protective Relaying
Connections of the PPS to the Class 1E Systems
Switchyard Grounding
Switchyard and Transmission Line Surveillance and Testing
Effect of PPS Voltage Degradation on the Class 1E Bus
Multi-Unit Considerations
Sharing of PPSs
Considerations for PPS Reliability in a Deregulated Environment
IEEE 765 Provides a Suggested Preferred Power System Interface Agreement with the Objective to Provide a Structure of an Agreement Document and the Suggested Contents to Ensure that All Parties Understand their Responsibilities in the Design, Maintenance, and Operation of the Off-Site Power System
Transmission System Studies (TSS)
Alternate AC (AAC) Source
Study of Recent Events
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 10: Station Blackout (SBO) - Issues and Regulations
Introduction
Regulations Relating to SBO Requirements
Specific SBO Requirements
SBO Coping Duration
SBO Coping Capability
AAC Power Sources
Procedures and Training
QA and Specifications for Non-Safety-Related Equipment
Monitoring of the Grid Condition
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 11: Review of Electric Power Calculations
Introduction
Load and Voltage calculations
Motor starting calculations
Calculation of Motor Starting Time
Short Circuit calculations
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 12: Plant Life - Equipment Aging, Life Extension, and Decommissioning
Nuclear Plant Licensed Life
Importance of Maintenance The Maintenance Rule
Definition of Maintenance
Use of Plant Programs
Use of Reliability-Based Programs
Safety-Significance Ranking Methodology
Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessments
Maintenance Risk Assessments
Cable Monitoring Methods and Techniques
Emergency Diesel Generators
Interpretation of Standby
The License Renewal Rule
Interpretation of Ageing
Effects of Plant Ageing
Questions and Problems
References and Bibliography

Chapter 13: Electrical and Control Systems Inspections
Purpose of Inspections
Objectives of Inspections
Areas of Review
Typical Approach to the Review
Acceptance Criteria
Questions and Problems

References and Bibliography
Appendix 1 Abbreviations
Appendix 2 Definitions
Index