Alternative Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines (eBook)

Zainal Ambri Bin Abdul Karim has been at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia for over 20 years and is currently an associate professor there. He obtained his B.Sc. in Marine Engineering from the California Maritime Academy, USA, his M.Sc. in Marine Engineering from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and later studied Automotive Engineering to Ph.D. level at Loughborough University (UK). He has conducted several short courses for the Accelerated Capability Development for PETRONAS Engineers Skill Group-2, which included Design, Operation, Maintenance and Inspection of Steam Boilers, Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering. In addition, he has contributed to other short courses such as Centralized Distributed Cooling System and Thermal Power Plant Efficiency & Heat Rate Improvement. He is an active reviewer for several international journals and has published more than 70 journal articles. His research interests include combustion analysis, energy optimization, marine engineering, power plant engineering and internal combustion engines.  Shaharin Anwar Bin Sulaiman is an associate professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. He graduated in 1993 with a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Iowa State University, USA. He received his M.Sc. in Thermal Power and Fluids Engineering from UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology), UK in 2000 and his Ph.D. in Aerosol Combustion from the University of Leeds, UK in 2006. During his early years as a graduate, he worked as a mechanical and electrical (M&E) project engineer. His research interests include air-conditioning and ventilation, combustion, sprays and atomization, and biomass energy. He has published more than 130 journal articles on various engineering research. Dr Shaharin Sulaiman

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
About the Editors 10
1 Dual Fuel (Gas–Liquid Diesel) 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions 13
1.3 European Union Emission Standards 14
1.4 Emerging Trends in Mitigating Automotive Exhaust Emissions 16
1.5 Combustion-Based Emissions Control Techniques 17
1.5.1 Low Temperature Combustion 17
1.5.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 19
1.6 Fuel-Based Emissions Techniques 21
1.6.1 Compressed Natural Gas/Diesel (CNG-Diesel) Dual-Fuel Combustion Engines 21
1.6.2 Simulating EGR Through CO2 23
1.6.3 Biogas/Diesel Dual-Fuel 24
1.6.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)–Diesel Dual-Fuel 25
1.7 Fuel Injection Method 26
1.8 Summary 28
References 29
2 Rubber Seed/Palm Oil Biodiesel 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Rubber Seed/Palm Oil Properties 35
2.3 Engine Test Bed 36
2.4 Biodiesel Properties Analysis 38
2.4.1 Effect of Catalyst, Oil to Alcohol Ratio, Reaction Time and Temperature on Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Yield 38
2.4.2 ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Study for the Transesterification Process 39
2.5 Engine Performance and Emission Evaluation at Full Load 41
References 44
3 Syngas Dual-Fuelling 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Simulated Syngas Dual Fuelling Strategy in a CI Engine 49
3.3 Selecting of Syngas Composition 50
3.4 Experimental Set-Up, Procedure and Conditions 50
3.5 Performance of Syngas Dual Fuelling in a CI Engine 51
3.5.1 Exhaust Gas Temperature 52
3.5.2 Brake Power 53
3.5.3 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 53
3.5.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 54
3.5.5 Fuel Air Equivalence Ratio 55
3.5.6 Volumetric Efficiency 55
3.6 Exhaust Emission from a CI Engine Under Syngas Dual Fuelling 56
3.6.1 Carbon Dioxide 56
3.6.2 Carbon Monoxide 57
3.6.3 Unburnt Hydrocarbons 57
3.6.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 58
3.7 Imitated Syngas Operations Range Versus Pure Diesel Fuel 59
References 60
4 Water-in-Diesel Emulsions—Fuel Characteristics 62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Water-in-Diesel Emulsion 63
4.3 Production of Emulsion by Mechanical Agitator 65
4.3.1 Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Properties 66
4.3.2 Emulsion Stability 69
4.3.3 Water Droplets Diameter and Distribution 70
References 72
5 Gasification of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Seeds 74
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Date Palm Seeds 76
5.3 Experimental Set-Up and Procedures 77
5.4 Gasification Modelling 77
5.4.1 Modeling Primary Assumptions 78
5.4.2 Reaction Kinetics 79
5.4.3 Hydrodynamic Assumptions 81
5.4.4 Bed Hydrodynamics 81
5.5 Findings 82
References 87