Engineering Applications for New Materials and Technologies (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 A Study on the Effect of Parameters on the Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 1.5 mm Thin Plate Butt-Joints 14
Abstract 14
1 Introduction 15
2 Experimental Setup 15
2.1 Experiment Preparation 15
2.2 Experiment Commencement 16
2.3 Tensile Test 17
2.4 Macrostructure Analysis 17
3 Results and Discussion 18
3.1 Surface Appearance 18
3.2 Tensile Test 19
3.3 Macrostructure Analysis 21
4 Conclusion 24
Acknowledgements 25
References 25
2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Perak River Sand for Greensand Casting Molds 26
Abstract 26
1 Introduction 27
2 Materials and Methods 30
2.1 Clay Grade 30
2.2 Chemical Composition 31
2.3 Grain Sand Distribution 31
2.4 Average Grain Size 31
3 Results and Discussion 32
3.1 Clay Grade 32
3.2 Chemical Composition 32
3.3 Grain Sand Distribution 33
3.4 Average Grain Size 34
4 Conclusions 36
References 37
3 Potential Use of Cellulose Fibre Composites in Marine Environment—A Review 38
Abstract 38
1 Introduction 39
2 Fibre Selection 41
2.1 Cellulose Fibres 42
3 Moisture Uptake of Natural Fibres 47
4 Modification of Cellulose Fibres 48
4.1 Alkaline Treatment 49
4.2 Silane Treatment 50
4.3 Stearic Acid Treatment 50
4.4 Maleated Treatment 51
5 Thermal Stability of Cellulose Fibers 51
6 Matrix Selection 52
6.1 Polyester Matrix 52
6.2 Epoxy Matrix 53
6.3 Vinyl-Ester Matrix 53
7 Gel Coat 54
8 Cellulose Nanofillers 54
9 Presence of Porosity 55
10 Manufacturing Techniques for Cellulose Fibres 56
10.1 Hand Lay-Up 56
10.2 Compression Molding (CM) 57
10.3 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 58
10.4 Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) 58
11 Marine Qualification Issue 59
12 Marine Application 59
12.1 Superstructure 60
12.2 Racing Sailboats 60
13 Conclusion 61
References 62
4 Development of a Batik Fiberglass Composite for Marine Applications Based on Water Absorption Testing 69
Abstract 69
1 Introduction 70
2 Materials and Methodology 70
2.1 Laminating Process 70
2.2 Demolding Flat Panel 71
2.2.1 Mechanical Testing 71
3 Results and Discussion 74
4 Conclusion 77
Acknowledgements 77
References 77
5 Flame Spread Behavior over Kenaf Fabric, Polyester Fabric, and Kenaf/Polyester Combined Fabric 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 80
2 Experimental Setup 81
3 Results and Discussion 83
4 Conclusion 86
Acknowledgements 87
References 87
6 Design and Analysis of an Automotive Oil Filter Gripper Socket Special Tool 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 89
2 Literature Review 89
3 Methodologies 90
4 Equations and Mathematics 91
5 Results and Discussions 94
6 Conclusions 99
References 100
7 The Development of Hovercraft Design with a Horizontal Propulsion System 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Problem Statement 102
3 Objective 102
4 Methodology 103
4.1 Design Selection 103
4.2 Material and Components 106
4.3 Final Design of Hull and Skirt 106
4.4 Material to Construct RC Model 106
4.5 Process of Construction 108
5 Results 109
6 Discussion 113
7 Conclusion 113
Acknowledgements 113
8 A Rule Based Method to Auto-recognize Fillet Features of B-Rep Mill Parts 114
Abstract 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Methodology 115
2.1 Part Model 115
2.2 Recognition of Faces 116
2.3 Segmentation of Faces 117
2.4 Selection of Loops 117
2.5 Rule Based Method 119
3 Implementation 120
4 Discussion 122
5 Conclusion 122
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
9 Experimental Study of Direct Injected Marine Auxiliary Diesel Engine Performance, Emission and Cylinder Pressure Using Biodiesel Fuels Derived from Jatropha Curcas Oil 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction 125
2 Experimental Procedure 126
2.1 Production Process of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel Fuel 126
2.2 Blending Process of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel Fuel 127
2.3 Measurement of Fuel Properties 128
2.4 Experiment Apparatus Setup 130
3 Results and Discussions 132
4 Conclusion 142
Acknowledgements 143
References 144
10 Integrated Full Electric Propulsion System for Tanker Ships with Combined Diesel and Hydro Generator Drive 145
Abstract 145
1 Introduction 146
2 Background 147
3 Approach 147
3.1 Energy and Power Flow 148
3.1.1 Diesel-Mechanical Propulsion 150
3.1.2 Diesel-Electric Propulsion 150
3.2 IFEP System Plant Model 151
3.2.1 Hydro Generators 152
3.3 Mode of Operation 153
3.4 Power Output at Full Speed 154
4 Results 155
5 Conclusion 157
References 157
11 A Stress Analysis and Design Improvement of a Car Door Hinge for Compact Cars 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 160
1.1 Problem Statement 160
1.2 Objective 161
2 Experimental Setup 162
2.1 Material Selection 162
2.2 Door Hinge Design 163
2.3 Finite Element Analysis 163
2.4 Boundary Condition 165
2.5 Test Rig Setup 165
3 Results and Discussion 166
3.1 Simulation and Actual Test Analysis 166
4 Conclusion 169
Acknowledgements 169
References 169
12 Development of a Global Warming Impact Prediction Analysis Tool for Mobile Vehicles 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 171
2 Experimental Setup 172
3 Results and Discussion 175
4 Conclusion 176
Acknowledgements 176
References 177
13 Surface Recognition and Volume Generation for Symmetrical Parts Using a Mirror Approach 178
Abstract 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Algorithm Framework 179
2.1 Part Model Validation 180
2.1.1 Part Model Volume 181
2.1.2 Part Model Symmetry 181
2.1.3 Part Model Orientation 181
2.2 Volume Decompositions Generation 181
2.2.1 Part Model Division 182
2.2.2 SDVF Generation 183
2.2.3 Mirroring SDVF 183
2.2.4 SDVR Generation 184
3 Results and Discussion 184
4 Conclusion 187
Acknowledgements 187
References 187
14 Influence of Passenger Car Air Conditioner System Thermostat Level Setting to Fuel Consumption and Thermal Comfort 189
Abstract 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Experimental Setup 191
2.1 Experimental Parameter 191
2.2 Experimental Procedures 191
3 Results and Discussion 194
3.1 Experiment of Low Fan Speed Performance 195
3.2 The Experiment of Medium Fan Speed Performance 197
3.3 Fuel Consumption for Two Different Types of Blower Fan Speed 197
3.4 Temperature History and Fuel Usage During Total Experiment Time (1 h) of Low Blower Fan Speed 197
3.5 Temperature History and Fuel Usage During Total Experiment Time (1 h) of Low Blower Fan Speed 199
4 Conclusion 200
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
15 Investigation of the Piston Bowl Shape Effect on the Diesel Spray Development 202
Abstract 202
1 Introduction 203
2 Methodology 204
3 Results and Discussion 205
4 Conclusion 208
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
16 Improvement of the Switching of Behaviours Using a Fuzzy Inference System for Powered Wheelchair Controllers 209
Abstract 209
1 Introduction 210
2 Methodology 212
3 Results and Discussion 215
3.1 Object/Obstacle Detection 215
3.2 Follow-the-Leader Behaviour 215
3.3 Emergency Stop Behaviour 218
3.4 Switching Between Behaviours 218
4 Conclusions 220
References 220
17 Mesh Filtering Algorithm for Virtualisation of Rapid Prototype Models Based on Digitised Data 222
Abstract 222
1 Introduction 223
2 Related Works 223
3 Methodology 224
4 Implementation 227
5 Discussions 229
6 Conclusions 232
Acknowledgements 232
References 233
18 The Development of a Mobile Campus Information Sharing Android Application 234
Abstract 234
1 Introduction 235
2 Methodology 236
3 Results and Discussions 238
4 Conclusion 240
References 240
19 Service Restoration Based on Simultaneous Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Sizing for Loss Minimization Using a Modified Genetic Algorithm 241
Abstract 241
1 Introduction 242
2 Mathematical Model for DNR Problem 244
3 The Implementation of MGA in Service Restoration via DNR and DG Size 245
4 Analysis of the Results on Power Loss 249
4.1 Scenario 1—The System Is Operated by Service Restoration via DNR 249
4.2 Scenario 2—The System Is Operated by Service Restoration via DNR and DG Sequentially 250
4.3 Scenario 3—The System Is Operated with Service Restoration via DNR and DG Simultaneously 253
5 Analysis of the Results on Voltage Profile 257
6 Conclusion 258
References 259
20 Improved Design of the UniKL Amphibious Research Crawler II for Underwater Exploration 261
Abstract 261
1 Introduction 262
2 Problem Statement 263
3 Literature Review 263
4 Preliminary Results 267
5 Methodology 268
6 Expected Outcome 268
7 Conclusions 270
Acknowledgements 270
References 270
21 Preliminary Design and Analysis Study of Propeller for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 272
2 Methodology 273
2.1 Design 273
2.2 Fabrication 273
2.2.1 Lathe Machine 273
2.3 3D Printing 275
2.3.1 Tap and Die Tool 276
3 Results 276
4 Discussion 278
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
22 Preliminary Study on the Development of Two Degree of Freedom Robotic Arms for Underwater Applications 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 282
2 Methodology 283
2.1 Initial Requirements Study 283
2.2 Designing and Performing the Experimental Modeling 283
2.3 Development of Models 283
2.4 Block Diagram 283
2.5 Flowchart of Study 284
2.6 Design of Robotic Arms 284
3 Testing and Results 287
3.1 Underwater Lifting Load Test Result 287
3.2 Result for Underwater Load Test 288
3.3 On-land Extend and Retract Arm Test Result 290
4 Recommendation 291
5 Conclusion 291
References 291
23 Design and Analyses of a Ship Floating Dry-Dock 293
Abstract 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Methodology 294
3 Result and Discussion 298
4 Conclusion 300
Acknowledgements 300
References 300
24 3D Design of a Ship Floating Dry-Dock by Using Simulation Software 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 301
2 Methodology 302
2.1 Data Gathering 302
2.2 Design of Main Components 303
2.3 Design of Sub-main Component 306
2.4 Assembly of the Ship Floating Dry-Dock 3D Design 308
2.5 3D Printing 308
3 Result and Discussion 310
3.1 Design of Monohull and Twin Hull 310
3.2 Prototype of Ship Floating Dry Dock 311
4 Conclusion 312
References 312
25 Hybrid Combination Product Between Aluminum Can with Reinforcement Fiberglass for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 314
Abstract 314
1 Introduction 315
2 Experimental Setup 316
2.1 Experiment Preparation 316
3 Results and Discussion 317
4 Conclusions 318
References 318
26 The Comparison of Impact Energy and Three Point Bending Properties on Coconut Fiber Composite for Marine Application 319
Abstract 319
1 Introduction 320
1.1 Infusion and Vacuum Technique 321
1.2 Natural Fiber 321
1.3 Core Materials 322
1.4 Coconut Fiber 322
1.5 3D Core Foam 323
1.6 Infusion Grooved PVC Foam 323
2 Experimental Setup 324
2.1 Experiment Preparation 324
2.2 Preparation of Testing Panels 325
2.3 Preparation of Specimens 326
2.4 Mechanical Properties Testing 327
2.5 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics—ASTM D256-10 327
2.6 Flexural Properties of Unidirectional and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials—ASTM D790-07 328
3 Results and Discussion 328
4 Conclusion 332
References 333
27 Tensile and Hardness Analysis of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding Between AA6061 with AA5083 and Mild Steel 334
Abstract 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Experimental Setup 335
3 Results and Discussion 336
3.1 Macrostructure 336
3.1.1 Dissimilar Alloy (AA6061 and AA5083) 336
3.1.2 Dissimilar Material (AA6061 and Mild Steel) 338
3.2 Tensile Strength 340
3.3 Hardness 340
4 Conclusion 341
References 342
28 Analysis of Drum Brake System for Improvement of Braking Performance 344
Abstract 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Experimental Setup 346
2.1 Brake Factor Calculation 346
2.1.1 Existing Brake Shoe 346
2.1.2 Modification of Brake Shoe Calculation 347
2.2 Brake Shoe Modelling 348
2.3 Brake Torque Analysis 351
2.4 Modified Design of Brake Shoe 351
3 Results and Discussion 352
3.1 Brake Factor Calculation 352
3.2 Modal Analysis 352
4 Conclusion 356
References 356
29 Ultrasonic Based Technique to Measure Residual Stresses in Offshore Structures 357
Abstract 357
1 Introduction 357
2 Experimental Setup 362
3 Results and Discussion 362
4 Conclusion 367
Acknowledgements 368
References 368
30 Influence of Tool Plunge Depth on the Joint Strength and Hardness of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 and Mild Steel 370
Abstract 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Experimental Setup 371
3 Results and Discussion 373
3.1 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Macrostructure of FSW Joint 373
3.1.1 Bondline Formation 373
3.1.2 Tunnel Defect Formation 375
3.2 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Tensile Strength of FSW Joint 377
3.3 Effect of Tool Plunge Depth on Hardness of FSW Joint 378
4 Conclusion 379
References 379
31 Analysis of Production Layout Model to Improve Production Efficiency 381
Abstract 381
1 Introduction 382
2 Literature 382
3 Experimental Setup 383
3.1 Production Layout and Judgement Condition 383
3.1.1 Technique of Time Study 385
3.1.2 Time Study Procedure 386
3.2 Automated Layout Design Planning (ALDEP) 388
4 Data Collection and Analysis 389
4.1 Time Study 389
4.2 Automated Layout Design Program (ALDEP) 390
4.3 Proposal of Improvement 394
4.3.1 First Proposal 394
4.3.2 Second Proposal 394
4.3.3 Third Proposal 395
5 Conclusion 396
Acknowledgements 396
References 396
32 Effect of Vibration on Occupant Driving Performances: Measurement by Simulated Driving 397
Abstract 397
1 Introduction 397
2 Methodology 399
2.1 Volunteer Recruitment 399
2.2 Ethical Consideration 399
2.3 Experiment Setup 399
2.4 Objective Measures 400
2.5 Subjective Measures 401
2.6 Experimental Procedures 401
3 Results 402
3.1 Objective measurement 402
3.2 Subjective measurement 403
4 Discussion 404
5 Conclusion 405
Acknowledgements 405
33 Simulation Studies of a New Magnetorheological Brake with Difference Gap Size Using Combination of Shear and Squeeze Mode 408
Abstract 408
1 Introduction 409
2 Two-Dimensional Simulation 411
2.1 Modelling of MR Brake 411
2.2 Magnetostatic Analysis 413
3 Results and Discussion 415
4 Conclusion 418
Acknowledgements 418
References 418
34 Optimization of Air-Fuel Ratio and Compression Ratio to Increase the Performance of Hydrogen Port Fuel Injection Engines 420
Abstract 420
1 Introduction 421
2 Methodology 422
2.1 Experimental Setup 422
2.2 Experimental Procedure 423
2.3 Engine Modelling and Simulation 424
3 Results and Discussion 425
3.1 Model Validation 426
3.2 Hydrogen Fueled Model 427
3.3 Hydrogen Model Optimizations 429
4 Conclusion 431
Acknowledgements 432
References 432
35 Evaluation of the Hardness Distribution and Fracture Location in Friction Stir Welded AA6063 Pipe Butt Joints 433
Abstract 433
1 Introduction 434
2 Experimental Setup 434
3 Results and Discussion 436
4 Conclusion 437
Acknowledgements 437
References 437
36 Study on Gas Emission of Saline Water from a Hydrogen System 439
Abstract 439
1 Introduction 440
2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 441
2.1 Experimental Setup 441
2.2 Experimental Procedure 443
3 Results and Discussions 443
4 Conclusions 446
Acknowledgements 446
References 446
37 Analysis of Human Behavior During Braking for Autonomous Electric Vehicles 447
Abstract 447
1 Introduction 448
2 Methodology 449
2.1 Flow Chart 449
2.2 Design of Experiment 451
2.3 Experimental Result 451
Acknowledgements 453
References 453
38 The Mapping of Full Weld Cycle Heat Profile for Friction Stir Welding Pipe Butt Joints 454
Abstract 454
1 Introduction 455
2 Experimental Setup 456
3 Results and Discussion 457
4 Conclusion 459
Acknowledgements 460
References 460
39 Assessment of Thermal Comfort in a Car Cabin Under Sun Radiation Exposure 461
Abstract 461
1 Introduction 461
2 Methodology 464
3 Results and Discussion 466
3.1 Temperatures Variation Assessment 466
3.2 Relative Humidity Levels Measurement 467
4 Conclusion 470
References 470
40 Defects of Post Weld Heat Treatment on A36 Carbon Steel Welded by Shielded Metal Arc Welding 472
Abstract 472
1 Introduction 472
2 Experimental Methodology 473
2.1 Tested Material 473
2.2 SMAW Welding Process 474
2.3 Ultrasonic Testing (UT) 474
2.4 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) 474
3 Experimental Results 475
3.1 Data and Result 475
3.2 Results and Discussion 477
4 Conclusion 480
Acknowledgements 480
References 480
41 Automatic Tug Assistance 481
Abstract 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Wind and Its Effect 482
3 Subject Ship and Mathematical Model 484
3.1 Subject Ship 484
3.2 Mathematical Model—Manoeuvring 484
3.3 Mathematical Model—Wind 485
4 Controller and Controlling Scheme 486
5 Simulation Results 488
5.1 Starting from One Point but Different Heading 488
5.2 Starting from Different Points But Same Heading 490
5.3 Ship with Initial Surge, Sway and Yaw Rate 491
6 Conclusions 493
References 493
42 Excitation Force Between Two Ship Models in Waves 494
Abstract 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Mathematical Formulation 496
2.1 Coordinate System 496
2.2 Boundary Condition 498
2.3 Special Treatment for the Diffraction Problem 500
2.4 Pressure and Forces 501
3 Model Experiment 506
4 Discussion 507
5 Conclusion 511
References 511
43 A Simplified Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for a Self-propelled Ship Using the Actuator Disc Theory 512
Abstract 512
1 Introduction 514
2 Ship and Propeller Particulars 515
3 Computational Works 516
3.1 Mesh Independence Study 517
3.2 Domain and Meshes in FS-Flow® 519
3.3 FS-Flow® Numerical Simulations 520
4 Validations with Experimental Test and Sea Trials Results 521
4.1 Towing Tank Experiments 522
4.2 Extrapolations to Full Scale 522
4.3 Sea-Trial Results 523
5 Comparison of the Results 523
6 Conclusions 527
Acknowledgements 527
References 528
44 Study of MSI300 Propeller Characteristics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis 529
Abstract 529
1 Introduction 530
2 Methodology 531
2.1 Numerical Method 532
2.2 CFD Control Data Setup 533
2.3 Simulation Procedure 533
2.4 Geometry Setup 533
2.5 Boundary Conditions 534
2.6 Grid Dependency Setup 534
3 Results and Discussion 535
3.1 Thrust Coefficient 535
3.2 Torque Coefficient 535
3.3 Efficiency 536
4 Conclusion 537
References 537
45 Mathematical Model of the Manoeuvring Motion of a Ship 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Fundamental Requirement for the Mathematical Model 539
3 Construction of Mathematical Model 540
3.1 Subject Ship 540
3.2 Equations of Model 541
4 Simulation Results and Comparison with that of Experiments 548
4.1 Steady Surge Velocity During Turning 548
4.2 Speed Test 548
4.3 Turning Test 549
5 MMG Including Disturbance Model 552
6 Conclusions 552
References 552
46 A Trim Tank Control System for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) 554
Abstract 554
1 Introduction 555
2 Objectives 556
3 Activities Flow Chart 556
4 Principal Dimension of the AUV, Control Surfaces and Trim Tanks 557
5 Trim Tank Design Consideration 557
6 Discussion and Conclusion 562
References 564
47 The Use of Backscatter Classification and Bathymetry Derivatives from Multibeam Data for Seabed Sediment Characterization 566
Abstract 566
1 Introduction 567
2 Study Area 567
3 Methodology 567
4 Results and Discussion 575
5 Conclusion 577
Acknowledgements 577
References 577
48 A Review of Piezoelectric Design in MEMS Scanner 579
Abstract 579
1 Introduction 579
2 Configuration of Piezoelectric 581
2.1 Stack Actuator/Transducer 581
2.2 Thin Film Piezoelectric 583
2.3 Piezoelectric Tube Actuator 584
3 Limitations of Piezoelectric Actuator 586
3.1 Hysteresis 586
3.2 Creep 588
3.3 Vibrations 588
4 Control of Piezoelectric Actuator 589
4.1 Open Loop Control 590
4.2 Feedback Method 590
4.3 Adaptive Control and Intelligent Control 591
5 Conclusion 592
References 592
49 Review of the Control System for an Unmanned Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle 595
Abstract 595
1 Introduction 596
2 Control System Algorithm of Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) 597
3 Control System Algorithm of Proportional Integral Derivative (Pid) Controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) 600
4 Comparison of Designs of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) 600
4.1 Design 1—Design and Development of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Mini ROV) [17] 603
4.2 Design 2—Development and Control of a Low-Cost, Three-Thruster, Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Low Cost ROV) [8] 606
4.3 Design 3—Design of an Open Source-Based Control Platform for an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (Visor3 ROV) [18] 606
4.4 Design 4—Design of a New Low Cost ROV Vehicle (BabyROV) [19] 607
4.5 Design 5—Modelling, Design and Robust Control of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle (Kaxan ROV) [20] 607
4.6 Design 6—Hybrid Robot Crawler/Flyer for Use in Underwater Archaeology (RG-III) [21] 610
4.7 Design 7—LAUV: The Man—Portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicle [22] 611
4.8 Design 8—Design and Control of a Convertible ROV (KCROV) [2] 612
4.9 Design 9—Design, Construction and Control of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (Ariana-I ROV) [23] 612
4.10 Design 10—Development, Depth Control and Stability Analysis of an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (DENA ROV) [7] 614
5 Conclusion 615
Acknowledgements 616
References 616
50 Maneuvering and Submerged Control System for a Modular Autonomous Underwater Vehicle 618
Abstract 618
1 Introduction 619
2 Research Objectives 620
3 Methodology 620
4 Principle Dimensions of the AUV 621
5 Arduino Mega Board Coding 622
6 Conduct of Tests and Results 622
7 Conclusion 622
Appendix A 625
References 628
51 Development of an Electric Turbo Generator for Automotive Application 629
Abstract 629
1 Introduction 630
1.1 Problem Statement 630
1.2 Objective of the Study 630
1.3 Overview of the Turbo Generator 631
2 Turbo Generator Systems 631
2.1 Turbo Charger Concepts 631
2.2 Turbo Charger Failure 631
2.3 Alternator 632
2.4 Alternator Voltage 634
2.5 Type of Coupling 634
2.6 Universal Joint 635
2.7 Car Selection 635
2.8 Turbo Charger Selection 635
3 Methodology 636
3.1 Overall Methodology 636
3.2 Experiment Setup 637
3.3 Experimental Setup for Component 638
3.4 Turbine Preparation 638
3.5 CATIA Design 639
3.6 CATIA Design for New Assembly 639
3.7 Assembly Process 640
3.8 Modification of Steering Joint 640
3.9 Electric Turbine Generator Electric Circuit Diagram 641
4 Results and Discussion 643
4.1 Results 643
4.2 Discussion 644
5 Conclusions and Recommendation 644
References 645