Batteryless mm-Wave Wireless Sensors (eBook)

Hao Gao is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, in The Netherlands. He received the B.Eng. degree from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, M.Sc from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands and Ph.D. degree from Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in 2006, 2008 and 2015 respectively. In 2012, he was a European Marie Curie Researcher in Catena Wireless Electronics, Stockholm, Sweden. In 2014, he became a research scientist at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Since 2106, he is an assistant professor at mixed-signal microelectronics group, Eindhoven University of Technology, involved in the area of RF and microwave research. He has received several awards including co-recipient of ISSCC 2015 Distinguished-Technical-Paper Award.Marion Matters-Kammerer is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, in The Netherlands. She received the B.S. degree and Master of physics degree from the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France, in 1997 and 1998, respectively, the Physikdiplom degree from the Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany, in 1998, and the Ph.D. in physics from RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, in 2006. In 1999, she joined Philips Research Aachen, Aachen, Germany. In 2004, she joined Philips Research Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. In 2009 and 2010, she was a Lecturer and Guest Researcher with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Since 2011, she has been with the Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, where she is involved in the area of electronic modules for terahertz imaging and spectroscopy, as well as ultra-high-speed circuits.Dusan Milosevic is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology, in The Netherlands. He received the M.S. degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering from the University of Nis, Serbia, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, in 2009. Since 2001 he has been with Eindhoven University of Technology. His research interests include RF and microwave power amplifiers and ultra-low power RF front ends. Peter Baltus was born on July 5th 1960 in Sittard and received his masters degree in Electrical Engineering from Eindhoven University of Technology in 1985, and his PhD degree from the same university in 2004. He worked for 22 years at Philips and later NXP in Eindhoven, Nijmegen, Tokyo and Sunnyvale in various functions, including research scientist, program manager, architect, domain manager, group leader and fellow in the areas of data converters, microcontroller architecture, digital design, software, and RF circuits and systems.  In 2007 he started his current job at the Eindhoven University of Technology as professor in high-frequency electronics. From 2007 through 2016 he was director of the Centre for Wireless Technology and as of 2017 he is chair of the mixed-signal micro-electronics group. He co-authored more than 150 papers and holds 17 US patents.

Contents 6
List of Abbreviations 9
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Background 11
1.2 Scope of the Book 12
1.3 Outline of the Book 13
References 14
2 State of the Art 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Wireless Power Transfer 16
2.3 mm-Wave Wireless Power Transfer 17
2.4 Techniques for Low Power Consumption 17
2.5 Wirelessly Powered Sensor Node 18
2.6 Conclusion 19
References 19
3 System Analysis of mm-Wave Wireless Sensor Networks 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 System Description 22
3.3 Link Budget Calculation 24
3.3.1 Downlink 24
3.3.2 Uplink 26
3.4 Conclusion 28
References 28
4 Rectifier Analysis 29
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Basic Rectifier Structure 29
4.3 Rectifier Performance Parameters 31
4.3.1 General Wireless Power System Architecture 31
4.3.2 Rectifier Performance Parameters 32
4.4 Rectifier Analysis and Modeling 33
4.4.1 Modeling of Rectifier with Low Input Power 34
4.4.1.1 Equilibrium Voltage 36
4.4.1.2 Input Resistance 37
4.4.1.3 Charging of the Storage Capacitor 38
4.4.1.4 Comparison with Circuit Simulation Results 39
4.4.2 Modeling of Rectifier with High Input Power 41
4.4.2.1 Choice of W/L 43
4.4.2.2 Maximum Efficiency 43
4.4.2.3 Relation Between Efficiency and Threshold Voltage 44
4.4.2.4 Relation Between Efficiency and Input Voltage 45
4.5 Limitations of Rectifier Modeling and Challenges 45
4.5.1 Rectifier Modeling Limitation 45
4.5.2 mm-Wave Rectifier Challenges 46
4.5.2.1 Efficiency 47
4.5.2.2 Sensitivity 48
4.6 Conclusion 48
References 49
5 mm-Wave Rectifiers 50
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Methods to Improve the mm-Wave Rectifier Performance 50
5.2.1 Threshold Voltage Modulation 51
5.2.2 Inductor Peaking 52
5.2.3 Output Filter 53
5.3 mm-Wave Rectifier Implementation and Measurement 54
5.3.1 Single-Stage Inductor-Peaked Rectifier with Output Filter 55
5.3.2 Multi-Stage Inductor-Peaked Rectifier with Output Filter 57
5.3.3 5060GHz Broadband Rectifier 60
5.4 Conclusions 62
References 64
6 mm-Wave Monolithic Integrated Sensor Nodes 66
6.1 Introduction 66
6.2 System Description 67
6.2.1 System Behavior Description 67
6.2.2 Two-Antenna Sensor Node System Architecture 68
6.2.3 One-Antenna Sensor Node System Architecture 69
6.2.4 Comparison of the Two Solutions 69
6.3 Circuit Design 70
6.3.1 Multi-Stage Rectifier for Wireless Power Receiver 70
6.3.2 End-of-Burst Monitor 71
6.3.3 RF Switch 71
6.3.4 On-Chip Antenna 73
6.3.5 Matching Between the Rectifier and the On-Chip Antenna 74
6.3.6 Transmitter with Temperature Sensing 76
6.4 mm-Wave Sensor Nodes Implementation 76
6.4.1 mm-Wave Sensor Node with Two Antennas 77
6.4.2 mm-Wave Sensor Node with One Antenna 80
6.5 Conclusion 81
References 84
7 mm-Wave Low-Power Receiver 86
7.1 Introduction 86
7.2 Radio-Triggered Passive Receiver Architecture 87
7.3 Energy Models 88
7.3.1 Antenna and Matching Network 88
7.3.2 RF Rectifier 89
7.3.3 LNA 90
7.3.4 Self-mixer 91
7.3.5 System Limitations 92
7.4 System Evaluation 93
7.5 Circuit Implementation for the 60GHz Ultra-Low-Power Receiver 94
7.5.1 60GHz Injection-Locked Oscillator 95
7.5.2 60GHz Low Power Differential LNA 97
7.5.3 60GHz Passive Mixer 100
7.5.4 60GHz Ultra-Low-Power OOK Receiver 102
7.5.5 60GHz Ultra-Low-Power OOK Receiver Measurement 102
7.6 Conclusion 104
References 106
8 mm-Wave Front-End Design for Phased-Array Systems 108
8.1 Introduction 108
8.2 Link Budget of the 60GHz Sensor Network 108
8.3 Phased-Array Architecture 109
8.3.1 Advantages of a Phased-Array Receiver Architecture 109
8.3.2 Signal Path Phase Shifting 111
8.3.3 RF Front-End and Specification 112
8.4 60GHz LNA 114
8.4.1 Technology 114
8.4.2 Topology Selection 115
8.4.3 Design Strategy 116
8.4.3.1 Simultaneous Noise and Gain Match 117
8.4.3.2 Noise Matching Between Cascode Transistors 120
8.4.4 Measurement Result 121
8.4.5 Conclusion 121
8.5 60GHz 5-Bit Digitally Controlled Phase Shifter 122
8.5.1 Phase Shift Realization 123
8.5.2 Phase Shifter Implementation 127
8.5.2.1 CMOS Switches 130
8.5.2.2 Sequence of Phase Shifting Stages 131
8.5.3 Phase Shift Schematic and Layout 132
8.5.4 Measurement Results and Comparison to State-of-the-Art 132
8.5.5 Conclusion 135
8.6 Conclusion 136
References 138
9 Conclusions 140
Index 142