Electrospun Biomaterials and Related Technologies (eBook)

Jorge Almodovar is in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Reproducibility and Robustness in Electrospinning with a View to Medical Device Manufacturing 8
1 Introduction 8
2 Robustness, Yield, and Electrospinning 10
3 Process Design Stages 11
3.1 Product Design 11
3.2 Throughput and Scaling Considerations 12
3.3 Equipment Selection and Process Automation 14
3.4 Process Controls 15
3.4.1 Material Specifications and Controls 16
Incoming Polymer 16
Solvents 17
3.4.2 Manufacturing Controls 17
Solution 18
Environmental Control 19
3.4.3 Output Characterisation 20
3.5 Quality Management 21
3.5.1 Regulatory 21
3.5.2 Process Validations 23
3.5.3 Process Feedback 24
4 Summary 24
References 25
Electrospun Collagen Scaffolds 27
1 Introduction 28
2 Collagen Nanofibers: Use of Toxic Solvents to Benign Solvents 30
3 Properties of Collagen Nanofibers 34
3.1 Nanofiber Diameter Tuning Using Polymeric Solution Blends 35
3.2 Electrospinning Parameters Impact on Nanofiber Alignment and Diameter 37
3.3 Mechanical Properties in Relation to Crosslinking 42
4 Biomedical Applications 47
4.1 Nerve 47
4.2 Bone 49
4.3 Dermal (Skin) and Wound Healing 51
4.4 Tendon/Ligament Tissue 53
4.5 Vascular Grafts 53
5 Future Studies 54
6 Conclusions 55
References 56
Electrospun Cellulose and Nanocellulose Composites as a Biomaterial 62
1 Perspective 62
2 Introduction 63
3 Electrospinning 64
3.1 Electrospinning Principles 64
3.2 Electrospinning Parameters 66
3.2.1 Process Parameters 66
3.2.2 Solution Parameters 67
4 Cellulose 68
4.1 Molecular Structure 69
4.2 Properties of Cellulose 70
4.3 Crystallinity and Supramolecular Structure 71
4.4 Mechanical Properties 72
4.5 Biocompatibility 73
5 Cellulose Derivatives 74
5.1 Chemical Reactivity 74
5.2 Oxidation 75
5.3 Esterification 76
5.4 Sulfonation 76
5.5 Acetylation 77
5.6 Nitration 77
5.7 Etherification 78
5.8 Section Summary 79
6 Electrospun Cellulose Nanofibers 80
6.1 Fibers Electrospun from nNMMO/H2O 81
6.2 Fibers Electrospun from LiCl/DMAc Solutions 81
6.3 Electrospinning Cellulose from Ionic Liquids 82
7 Electrospinning of Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers 83
8 Biomedical Applications of Nanocellulose 89
8.1 Drug Delivery/Gene Therapy 89
8.2 Biosensors/Bioassays 93
8.3 Wound Dressing 95
8.4 Biocompatibility of Nanocellulose Scaffolds Designed for Applications in Tissue Engineering In Vitro Studies 96
8.5 Tissue Engineering 99
9 Conclusions 101
References 102
Biopolymers Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications and Environmental Applications 113
1 Introduction 115
2 Nanofibers from Biopolymers 117
2.1 Chitosan Nanofibers 117
2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 120
2.3 Alginate Nanofibers 121
2.4 Collagen Nanofibers 123
2.5 Gelatin Nanofibers 126
3 Nanofibers Stabilization 128
3.1 Glutaraldehyde 128
3.2 Genipin 129
3.3 Reactive Oxygen Species 131
3.4 Citric Acid 132
3.5 Calcium Chloride 133
3.6 Photochemical Crosslinking 134
4 Biopolymer Based Nanofibers Applications 134
4.1 Engineered Scaffolds 134
4.2 Wound Healing Dressings 136
4.3 Water Disinfection 140
4.3.1 Pathogen Agents Treatment 141
4.3.2 Pollutants Sorption 142
4.3.3 Filtration 144
5 Conclusion 145
References 146
Biomaterials Produced via Green Electrospinning 152
1 Introduction 152
2 Electrospinnability 154
3 Effect of Solvent Selection 155
3.1 Solvent Classification and Evaluation of Solvents Residuals in Electrospun Mats 156
4 Emulsion and Suspension Electrospinning for Biomedical Applications 158
5 Electrospun Fiber Mats from Benign Solvents 158
6 Composites Electrospun Scaffolds from Benign Solvents 160
7 Post Processing: Crosslinking and the Use of Toxic Chemicals 165
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 165
References 167
Electrospun Biomaterials for Cancer Research 172
1 Introduction 174
2 Electrospinning and Associated Process Parameters 175
2.1 Solution Properties 176
2.2 Operating Parameters 177
2.3 Ambient Factors 177
3 Electrospun Biomaterials in Anticancer Drug and Gene Delivery 177
3.1 Drug Delivery 177
3.1.1 Polymer Selection 178
3.1.2 Techniques for Anti-cancer Drug Loading on Electrospun Fibers 178
Co-electrospinning Technique 179
Emulsion Electrospinning 182
Co-axial Electrospinning 183
3.1.3 Smart Anti-cancer Drug Delivery Systems Based on Electrospun Fibers 183
3.2 Electrospun Biomaterials in Targeted Gene Delivery 185
4 Electrospun Biomaterials as Disease Models for Cancer 187
4.1 Electrospun Fibers for Recapitulating Tumor Microenvironments In Vitro 187
4.2 Electrospun Fibers for Studying Phenotypic Changes in Cancer Cells 192
4.3 Electrospun Fibers for Studying Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells 193
4.4 Electrospun Fibers for Studying Cancer Metastasis 195
5 Electrospun Biomaterials in Cancer Diagnostics 196
5.1 Electrospun Fibers for Electrochemical Impedance Based Biosensors 197
5.2 Electrospun Fibers for Fluorescence/Luminescence Based Biosensors 198
5.3 Electrospun Fibers for Chemo-Resistive Gas Sensors 199
5.4 Electrospun Fibers for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) 200
6 Electrospun Biomaterials in Targeted Stem Cell Delivery 201
7 Conclusions 202
References 203
Electrospun Nanofibrous Nerve Conduits 209
1 Introduction 211
1.1 Anatomy of a Nerve and Neuroregeneration 213
1.2 Nerve Guide Conduits 215
1.2.1 Requirements of Nerve Conduit 215
2 Electrospun Nerve Conduits 217
2.1 Nanotopography of Nerve Conduit and Alignments 217
2.2 Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers 219
2.3 Fabrication Methods 219
2.4 Improvement of Electrospun Nerve Conduit 220
2.4.1 Cell-Seeded Constructs 220
Schwann Cells 224
Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) & Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs)
Other Cells 226
Neurotrophic Factors 227
2.4.2 Nanoparticles 228
2.4.3 Conductive Polymers 229
3 Conclusion 231
References 231
Electrospun Scaffold for Retinal Tissue Engineering 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Retinal Tissue Engineering 238
3 Cells 239
4 Electrospun Scaffold 241
5 Cell Delivery 244
6 Drug and Growth Factor Delivery 245
7 Challenge and Limitation 246
8 Conclusion 246
References 247
Electrospun Polymeric Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications 253
1 Introduction 254
2 Smart Materials 255
3 Smart Piezoelectric and Conductive Polymer Electrospun Mats for Tissue Engineering 262
3.1 Piezoelectric Electrospun Nanofibers 262
3.2 Conductive Electrospun Smart Scaffolds 270
3.3 Magnetically Active Electrospun Smart Scaffolds 273
4 Conclusions 273
References 274