Antenna Engineering Handbook

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Part 1 Introduction and Fundamentals
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Antennas, Arrays, and Mobile Communications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Huygens’ and Equivalence Principles
1.3 Hertzian and Fitzgerald Radiators
1.4 Far-Field Antenna Properties, Power Transfer, and Reciprocity
1.5 Antennas as Electromagnetic Circuits
1.6 Polarization
1.7 Directivity Patterns from Continuous Line Sources
1.8 Directivity Patterns from Area Source Distributions
1.9 Fundamentals of Antenna Arrays
1.10 Basic Concepts in Mobile Communications
1.11 References
Chapter 2. Frequency Bands for Military and Commercial Applications
2.1 Introduction to Frequency Bands
2.2 Commercial Frequency Bands
2.3 Military and Satellite Frequency Bands
2.4 Trends and Expected Future Paths
2.5 References
Chapter 3. Arrays of Discrete Elements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Antenna Array Factor and Antenna Indices
3.3 Linear Arrays
3.4 Planar Arrays
3.5 3D and Conformal Arrays
3.6 Array Synthesis Techniques
3.7 Smart Antennas
3.8 Element Pattern and Mutual Coupling
3.9 References
Part 2 Types and Design Methods
Chapter 4. Classic Antennas: Dipole, Monopole, Loop, and Slot Antennas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dipole Antennas
4.3 Loop Antennas
4.4 Slot Antennas
4.5 References
Chapter 5. Helical Antennas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Axial-Mode Helical Antennas
5.3 Normal-Mode Helical Antennas
5.4 Array of Helical Antennas
5.5 Fractional-Turn Resonant Quadrifilar
5.6 Short Axial-Mode Helical Antennas
5.7 Backfire Axial-Mode Helical Antennas
5.8 Recent Trends Employing Helical Antennas
5.9 References
Chapter 6. Small Antennas
6.1 The Definition of Electrically Small
6.2 The General Electrically Small Antenna
6.3 Electrically Small Dipole and Loop Antennas
6.4 Power Factor, Quality Factor, and Bandwidth
6.5 The Effective Volume
6.6 Fundamental Limits on Small Antenna Q
6.7 References
Chapter 7. Microstrip Antennas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Principles of Operation
7.3 CAD Model for the Input Impedance
7.4 Radiation Patterns
7.5 CAD Formulas for Rectangular Patch
7.6 Results for Rectangular Patch
7.7 CAD Formulas for Circular Patch
7.8 Circular Polarization
7.9 Microstrip Antennas with Improved Performance
7.10 Acknowledgment
7.11 References
Chapter 8. Multiband Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications
8.1 Multiband Planar Antenna Arrays
8.2 Multiband Antennas in the Smartphone
8.3 References
Chapter 9. Wideband Microstrip Antennas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Substrate Effect on Bandwidth
9.3 Effect of Patch Shape on Bandwidth
9.4 Proximity Coupled Microstrip Antennas
9.5 Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antennas
9.6 Stacked Microstrip Patch Antennas
9.7 High-Gain Stacked Patch Antennas
9.8 Slotted Wideband Patch Antennas
9.9 Microstrip Patch Antennas with EBG
9.10 Effects of Size Reduction on Wideband Antennas
9.11 References
Chapter 10. Small Antennas and Miniaturization Techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Antenna Miniaturization with Metamaterial Loadings
10.3 Low-Profile Antennas Using EBG Structures
10.4 Antenna Miniaturization Using Magnetodielectric Materials
10.5 Volumetric Antennas
10.6 Additive Manufacturing of Antennas
10.7 Concluding Remarks
10.8 References
Chapter 11. Flexible, Thin Film, and Wearable Antennas
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Flexible Antenna Designs and Operation Frequencies
11.3 Thin Film (Non-Fabric) Antennas
11.4 Fabric-Based Antennas
11.5 Flexible Antenna Applications
11.6 Future Directions
11.7 References
Chapter 12. Origami Antennas
12.1 Origami Monofilar Helical Antenna
12.2 Morphing Origami Conical Spiral Antenna
12.3 References
Chapter 13. On-Chip Antennas
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Radiation-Efficiency-Improved Millimeter-Wave On-Chip Antennas
13.3 Miniaturized On-Chip Antenna for Biomedical Applications
13.4 References
Chapter 14. Active Antennas
14.1 Introduction and Basic Terms
14.2 Frequency-Agile Active Antennas
14.3 Oscillator Antennas and Arrays
14.4 Amplifier Antennas and Arrays
14.5 Frequency-Conversion Antennas
14.6 Rectennas
14.7 Other Active Antennas
14.8 References
Chapter 15. Surface-Wave and Leaky-Wave Antennas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Surface-Wave Antennas
15.3 Leaky-Wave Antennas
15.4 Acknowledgment
15.5 References
Chapter 16. Waveguide Slot Antenna Arrays
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Waveguide Slot Radiators
16.3 Slotted Waveguide Array Designs
16.4 Slot Admittance or Impedance
16.5 Design Parameters
16.6 Power-Handling Capabilities
16.7 Tolerance and Fabrication Techniques
16.8 References
Chapter 17. MIMO Antenna Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Performance Metrics of MIMO Antenna Systems
17.3 MIMO Antennas for USB Dongles
17.4 MIMO Antennas for Mobile Phones
17.5 MIMO Antennas for Wireless Access Points
17.6 Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas for Cognitive Radios
17.7 MIMO Antennas for 5G Systems
17.8 Conclusion
17.9 References
Chapter 18. Frequency-Independent Antennas
18.1 Spiral Antennas
18.2 Log-Periodic Antennas
18.3 Dual-Polarized Frequency-Independent Antennas
18.4 Summary
18.5 References
Chapter 19. Horn Antennas
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Basic Horn Types
19.3 Other Classes of Horns
19.4 Recent Developments in Horn Design and Technology
19.5 Conclusion
19.6 References
Chapter 20. Reflector Antennas
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diffraction Analysis Techniques for Reflector Antennas
20.3 Conventional Reflector Antennas
20.4 Reflectors Other Than Parabolic
20.5 Large-Aperture Reflector Antennas
20.6 Diffraction Shaping
20.7 Emerging Applications of Mesh Reflector Antennas
20.8 References
Chapter 21. Dielectric Resonator Antennas
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Possible Methods of Analysis
21.3 Progress in DRA Research
21.4 DRA Arrays
21.5 References
Chapter 22. Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Antenna Design
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fundamentals of UWB Antenna Design
22.3 Type-I UWB Antenna Design
22.4 Type-II UWB Antenna Design
22.5 Type-III UWB Antenna Design
22.6 The Dual-Polarization UWB Dielectric Rod Probe Antenna
22.7 The Dual-Polarization UWB Dielectric Horn Antenna Design
22.8 References
Chapter 23. Phased Arrays
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Theory of Phased Arrays
23.3 Pattern Control
23.4 Radiating Element Design
23.5 Phased Array Antenna Architectures
23.6 Applications
23.7 References
Chapter 24. Array Phase Shifters: Theory and Technology
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Semiconductor
24.3 Thin Film Ferroelectric
24.4 Micro-Electromechanical Systems
24.5 Slow-Wave
24.6 Ferrite
24.7 Effect of Phase Shifter Behavior on Phased Array Bit Error Rate
24.8 Trends
24.9 Summary
24.10 References
Chapter 25. Conformal and Low-Profile Arrays
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Fundamental Principles
25.3 Antennas and Arrays on Cylinders
25.4 Pattern Synthesis for Conformal Arrays
25.5 References
Chapter 26. Millimeter-Wave Antennas
26.1 Millimeter-Wave Applications
26.2 Types of Millimeter-Wave Antennas
26.3 References
Chapter 27. Terahertz Antennas and Arrays
27.1 Terahertz Applications
27.2 Quasi-Optical Coupling of Terahertz Radiation
27.3 Terahertz Antennas
27.4 THz Antenna Arrays
27.5 References
Chapter 28. Nanoantennas
28.1 Nanocircuits and Nanoantennas
28.2 Metamaterial-Inspired Nanoantennas
28.3 Optical Magnetism in Nanoantennas
28.4 Nanoantenna Directivity
28.5 Active Nanoantennas
28.6 Nonlinear Nanoantennas
28.7 Enhanced Emission and Quantum Responses with Nanoantennas
28.8 Conclusions
28.9 Acknowledgments
28.10 References
Chapter 29. Ultra-Wideband Dipole, Monopole, and Loop Arrays
29.1 Resistively Loaded Dipole and Monopole Arrays for Ground Penetrating Radar
29.2 Cylindrical Dipole Arrays for Airborne Systems
29.3 Vector Sensor Array Antennas
29.4 References
Chapter 30. Ultra-Wideband Phased Arrays
30.1 Applications of Ultra-Wideband Phased Arrays
30.2 Tapered Slot Antenna
30.3 Connected and Tightly Coupled Arrays
30.4 References
Chapter 31. Smart Antennas
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Adaptive Beamforming
31.3 References
Part 3 Applications
Chapter 32. Metamaterial Electronically Scanning Array
32.1 Background
32.2 Theory of MESA Antennas
32.3 Realized K-Band MESA: Modeling and Measurements
32.4 References
Chapter 33. Low- and Medium-Frequency Antennas
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Fundamentals of Vertical Monopole Antenna Radiation Properties
33.3 Practical Low and Medium Antenna Structures: Design and Construction Basics
33.4 Environmental Considerations
33.5 References
Chapter 34. HF Antennas
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Specifying the Right Antenna for the Job
34.3 Antennas Mounted Above Ground
34.4 Major Forms of HF Communications Antennas
34.5 Other Types of HF Communications Antennas
34.6 Broadband Dipole Curtain Arrays
34.7 References
34.8 Bibliography
Chapter 35. VHF/UHF Antennas
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Antennas for the ISM Bands (Typically 433 MHz, 868/915 MHz, and 2.4/5 GHz)
35.3 Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems
35.4 Antennas on Printed Circuit Laminates
35.5 Antennas for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Services
35.6 Baluns
35.7 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
35.8 References
Chapter 36. Reconfigurable Antennas
36.1 Introduction
36.2 R
econfigurable Apertures
36.3 Reconfigurable Traveling Wave Antennas
36.4 Reconfigurable Arrays
36.5 Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas
36.6 Reconfigurable Slot Antennas
36.7 Reconfigurable Monopole/Dipole Antennas
36.8 Concluding Remarks
36.9 References
Chapter 37. Low-Profile Antennas on Engineered Electromagnetic Surfaces
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Characterizations and Designs of Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structures
37.3 Low-Profile Wire Antennas on EBG Ground Plane
37.4 Patch Antennas with Enhanced Performance Using EBG Structures
37.5 Impedance and Magneto-Dielectric Substrates for Small Antenna Designs
37.6 References
Chapter 38. Reflectarray Antennas
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Analysis and Design Techniques
38.3 Techniques for Bandwidth Improvement
38.4 Multifrequency Reflectarrays
38.5 Contoured Beam Reflectarrays
38.6 Beam Scanning Reflectarrays
38.7 Recent Developments and Technological Challenges
38.8 Summary
38.9 Acknowledgments
38.10 References
Chapter 39. Mobile Handset Antennas
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Handset Antenna Types
39.3 Design Aspects of Handset Antennas
39.4 Fabrication Technologies for Handset Antennas
39.5 Active Handset Antennas
39.6 Applications
39.7 Conclusion and Remarks
39.8 References
Chapter 40. Base Station Antennas
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Base Station Antenna Requirements
40.3 Base Station Antenna Radiating Elements
40.4 Multibeam Antennas
40.5 References
Chapter 41. Antennas for CubeSats
41.1 Traditional CubeSat Antennas
41.2 Conformal Integrated Solar Panel Antennas
41.3 High-Gain Antennas
41.4 Acknowledgment
41.5 References
Chapter 42. 3D Additive Manufacturing of Antennas
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Antenna Applications
42.3 Additive Manufacturing–Enabled Antennas
42.4 Additive Manufacturing of Antenna Arrays and Systems
42.5 References
Chapter 43. Antennas for Medical Applications
43.1 Overview
43.2 The Environment
43.3 Antennas for Medical Imaging
43.4 Heating
43.5 Biotelemetry
43.6 Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
43.7 Sensing
43.8 Future Directions
43.9 Acknowledgments
43.10 References
Chapter 44. Automobile Antennas
44.1 Introduction
44.2 AM/FM Antennas
44.3 FM Diversity Antennas
44.4 RKE and TPMS Antennas
44.5 Mobile Telephone Antennas
44.6 GNSS Antennas
44.7 SDARS Antennas
44.8 DSRC Antennas
44.9 Emerging Technologies (Observed)
44.10 Emerging Technologies (Predicted)
44.11 Antenna Measurements
44.12 References
Chapter 45. Aircraft Antennas
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Antennas
45.3 Unidirectional Very-High-Frequency Antennas
45.4 Omnidirectional VHF and UHF Antennas
45.5 Omnidirectional L-Band Antennas
45.6 GPS Antennas
45.7 Traffic Collision Avoidance System Antennas
45.8 Satellite Communication (SATCOM) Antennas
45.9 Low Observable Antennas
45.10 Nonmetallic Aircraft Antennas
45.11 Small Aircraft Antennas
45.12 Radar Antennas
45.13 Electronic Warfare
45.14 Antenna Performance and Aircraft Interaction
45.15 Acknowledgments
45.16 References
Chapter 46. Radiometer Antennas
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Basic Principles
46.3 System Principles
46.4 Radiometer Antenna Types
46.5 Recent Developments and Trends in Radiometry
46.6 References
Chapter 47. Antenna Tracking
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Tracking Requirements
47.3 Open Loop Antenna Tracking
47.4 Closed Loop Antenna Tracking
47.5 Acquisition Issues
47.6 Interferometric Systems
47.7 Antenna Tracking Evaluation
47.8 References
Chapter 48. Satellite Antennas
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Space Segment Antennas
48.3 Ground Segment Antennas
48.4 Interference Protection
48.5 Satellite Antenna Testing
48.6 References
Chapter 49. Earth Station Antennas
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Single-Beam Earth Station Antennas
49.3 Multiple-Beam Earth Station Antennas
49.4 Measurement Techniques
49.6 Acknowledgment
49.7 References
Chapter 50. Direction Finding Antennas and Systems
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Direction Finding Systems
50.3 Direction Finding Algorithms
50.4 DF Algorithm Performance
50.5 Geolocation Algorithms
50.6 References
Chapter 51. ESM and ECM Antennas
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Communication ESM and ECM System Antennas
51.3 Radar ESM and ECM System Antennas
51.4 References
Chapter 52. Radio-Telescope Antennas
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Single-Aperture Radio Telescopes
52.3 The Two-Element Interferometer
52.4 Aperture Synthesis
52.5 Major Radio Telescopes
52.6 Conclusion
52.7 Acknowledgment
52.8 References
52.9 Bibliography
Chapter 53. Indoor Antenna Measurements
53.1 Facilities
53.2 Test Setup and Calibration
53.3 Typical Antenna Measurement Properties
53.4 Data Analysis Tools
53.5 Conclusion
53.6 References
Part 4 Topics Associated with Antennas
Chapter 54. Printed Transmission Lines
54.1 General
54.2 Printed Transmission Lines
54.3 List of Symbols
54.4 References
Chapter 55. Impedance Matching, Broadbanding, and Baluns
55.1 General Matching Techniques
55.2 Impedance Matching with Lumped Elements
55.3 Impedance Matching with Distributed Elements
55.4 Combinations of Transformers and Stubs
55.5 Tapered Lines
55.6 Broadbanding
55.7 Baluns
55.8 References
Chapter 56. Propagation
56.1 Introduction and Overview of Propagation Effects
56.2 Free-Space Propagation
56.3 Atmospheric Refraction
56.4 Atmospheric Gas and Rain Attenuation
56.5 Empirical Path Loss Models for Line-of-Sight Links
56.6 Fading and Multipath
56.7 Ionospheric Effects at Microwave Frequencies
56.8 Ionosphere and Ground Wave Effects at Frequencies Less Than 50 MHz
56.9 References
Chapter 57. Materials and Design Data
57.1 Properties of Materials
57.2 Absorbing Materials
57.3 Nonsolid Surfaces
57.4 Radio-Frequency Band Designations
57.5 Antenna-Pattern Characteristics
57.6 Electrically Small Horns
57.7 References
Chapter 58. Frequency Selective Surfaces
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Single-Layer Surfaces
58.3 Multilayer Surfaces
58.4 Three-Dimensional Structures
58.5 Active FSSs
58.6 Conclusion
58.7 References
Chapter 59. Advanced Huygens’ Metasurfaces for Beam Manipulation and Antenna Applications
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Scalar Huygens’ Metasurfaces
59.3 Scalar (Omega) Bianisotropic Huygens’ Metasurfaces
59.4 Concluding Remarks
59.5 References
Chapter 60. Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Electromagnetics for Antenna Engineering
60.3 Integral Equation Formulations for Antenna Analysis
60.4 MoM and FEM Procedure for Solving Linear Operator Equations
60.5 Examples of MoM Discretizations of Integral Equations for Antennas
60.6 Finite Element Method in Antenna Analysis and Design
60.7 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Antennas
60.8 Postprocessing: Evaluation of Antenna Parameters
60.9 Parallelization and High-Performance Computing for Antenna Modeling
60.10 Commercial Codes for Antenna Analysis and Design
60.11 Conclusion
60.12 Acknowledgments
60.13 References
Index