Cardiac Cell Culture Technologies (eBook)

Zbigniew Brzozka is Professor in the Chair of Medical Biotechnology and Head of the Lab-on-a-Chip group at Warsaw University of Technology.Elzbieta Jastrzebska is Assistant Professor in the Chair of Medical Biotechnology at Warsaw University of Technology.

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 10
Contributors 12
Abbreviations 14
1 Introduction 17
2 Microfluidic Systems 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Microfluidic Systems for Cellomics 22
2.2.1 Materials and Sterilization 22
2.2.2 Geometry 23
2.2.3 Mass Transport 24
2.2.3.1 Laminar Flow 24
2.2.3.2 Diffusion 25
2.2.3.3 Gas Transport 25
2.2.4 Mixing 26
2.2.4.1 Passive Mixing 26
2.2.4.2 Active Mixing 26
2.2.5 Concentration Gradient Generators (CGGs) 27
2.2.6 Shear Stress 30
2.3 Perfusion and Static Cell Cultures 31
2.4 Monolayer and Spatial Cell Cultures 32
2.5 Conclusions 34
Acknowledgements 34
References 34
3 Lab-on-a-chip Systems for Cellomics—Materials and Technology 38
3.1 Construction Materials for Microsystem Fabrication 38
3.1.1 Glass 39
3.1.2 Polymers 40
3.1.2.1 Polystyrene 40
3.1.2.2 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) 42
3.1.2.3 Polycarbonate 42
3.1.2.4 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer 43
3.1.2.5 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) 43
3.2 Materials for Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Cultures 46
3.2.1 Hydrogels 46
3.2.1.1 Natural Hydrogels 47
3.2.1.2 Synthetic and Hybrid Hydrogels 49
3.2.2 Nanofibrous Scaffolds 52
3.3 Microfabrication of Lab-on-a-chip Systems 53
3.3.1 Soft Polymers 53
3.3.1.1 Soft Lithography 54
3.3.1.2 Rapid Prototyping 55
3.3.1.3 Replica Molding 56
3.3.2 Rigid Polymers 57
3.3.2.1 Injection Molding 57
3.3.2.2 Hot Embossing 58
3.3.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing 58
3.3.2.4 Micromachining 59
3.3.3 Glass 60
3.3.3.1 Wet Etching 60
3.3.3.2 Dry Etching 61
3.3.4 Assembly 61
3.4 Summary 62
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
4 Organ-on-a-chip Systems 69
4.1 From Monolayer Cultures to Organ-on-a-chip Systems—An Introduction 69
4.2 Organ-on-a-chip Systems: Mimicking Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions 70
4.2.1 Mimicking of Organ Functions—The Examples 71
4.2.1.1 Intestine-on-a-chip 72
4.2.1.2 Lung-on-a-chip 74
4.2.1.3 Kidney-on-a-chip 77
4.2.1.4 Spleen-on-a-chip 78
4.2.1.5 Brain-on-a-chip 79
4.2.1.6 Liver-on-a-chip 81
4.2.2 Cells Sources 84
4.3 Human-on-a-chip—The Integrated Multi-organ Platforms 85
4.4 Future Directions for Research 86
Acknowledgements 87
References 87
5 Biological Bases of Cardiac Function and the Pro-regenerative Potential of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Myocardial Disorder 93
5.1 Cardiac Function and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction 93
5.2 Stem Cells in Cardiac Regenerative Therapy Candidates
5.2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) 99
5.2.2 Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) 99
5.2.2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts (SKMs) 100
5.2.2.2 Bone Marrow Cells (BMCs) 100
5.2.2.3 Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) 101
5.2.2.4 Cardiac Stem/Progenitor Cells (CS/PCs) 102
5.2.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs) 103
5.3 Novel Strategies in Cardiac Cell Therapy with Use of the Adult Stem Cells 105
5.3.1 Cell Preconditioning 106
5.3.2 Genetic Stem Cell Modifications 106
5.3.3 MicroRNAs/Exosomes 108
5.3.4 Drug Administration 109
5.4 Nanotechnology and Biodegradable 3D Scaffolds 109
5.5 Whole Heart Reconstruction 113
5.6 Tissue Engineering 113
5.6.1 Injectable Systems 113
5.6.2 Cell Sheet Engineering 114
5.7 Concluding Remarks 115
Acknowledgements 115
References 115
6 Pluripotent and Mesenchymal Stem Cells—Challenging Sources for Derivation of Myoblast 123
6.1 Introduction—So Many Stem Cells … 123
6.2 Becoming Skeletal or Cardiac Myoblast 125
6.3 Stem Cell Niche 129
6.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells—What Are They and Where Do They Come from? 131
6.5 Myogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 136
6.6 Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 144
6.7 Myogenic Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells 147
6.8 Mesenchymal and Pluripotent Stem Cells—From Bench to Bedside 151
Acknowledgements 155
References 155
7 Microfluidic Systems for Cardiac Cell Culture—Characterization 169
7.1 Research Issue—Heart Diseases 169
7.2 Lab-on-a-chip Systems—A New Approach for Heart Investigation 171
7.3 Heart-on-a-chip Systems—What Is Specific? 173
7.3.1 Vasculature and Dynamic Conditions 173
7.3.2 Materials Versus Cell Alignment 174
7.3.3 Stretching 175
7.3.4 Electrical Field 176
7.3.5 Heart Failure Modeling 176
7.3.6 Co-culture with Stem Cells 177
7.4 Summary 177
Acknowledgements 177
References 178
8 Heart-on-a-chip Systems 182
8.1 Cardiac Cell Cultures in Lab-on-a-chip Systems 182
8.2 Toxicity Assays 192
8.3 Electrical Field 198
8.4 Monitoring CM Functions 203
8.5 Summary and Perspectives 205
Acknowledgements 206
References 206
9 Cardiac Cell Culture Microtechnologies Based on Stem Cells 213
9.1 Stem Cell Differentiation in Lab-on-a-chip Systems 213
9.2 Biochemical Stimulation 216
9.3 Physical Stimulation 222
9.3.1 Surface and Structural Stimulation 222
9.3.2 Electrical Stimulation 226
9.4 Mechanical Stimulation 229
9.4.1 Mechanical Strain 229
9.4.2 Shear Stress 233
9.5 Challenges 235
9.6 Summary and Perspectives 236
Acknowledgements 237
References 237
Index 244