Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas Industries (eBook)

Dr. Tawfik A. Saleh is currently a faculty member at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. His research work focuses largely in the area Nanotechnology; synthesis, characterization and applications of inorganic-organic nanocomposites, adsorption and separation. He is also editorial board member of several international journals.

Preface 6
Acknowledgment 8
Contents 9
Chapter 1: Insights into the Fundamentals and Principles of the Oil and Gas Industry: The Impact of Nanotechnology 11
1 Overview 12
2 Upstream Exploration and Drilling Sectors 13
2.1 Oil Well Exploration 13
2.2 Wellheads and Drilling 14
2.3 Logging While Drilling 15
3 Upstream Production Sectors and Nanotechnology 16
3.1 Manifolds/Gathering 16
3.2 Separation 17
3.3 Gas Compression 17
3.4 Oil and Gas Storage and Export 17
3.5 Midstream sectors 18
4 Introduction to Downstream Sectors 18
5 Oil Refinery Process 18
5.1 Crude Distillation Unit 19
5.1.1 Atmospheric Crude Distillation Unit 19
5.1.2 Vacuum Crude Distillation Unit 24
5.2 Thermal Cracking Processes 25
5.2.1 Thermal Cracking Coking Processes 25
Delayed Coking Process 27
Flexi-Coking Process 28
5.2.2 Visbreaking Thermal Cracking Process 29
5.3 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit 31
5.3.1 Reaction and Regeneration Process 32
5.3.2 The Fractionation Process 33
5.4 Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Process 33
5.4.1 Feed Pretreatment 35
5.4.2 Reactions 35
5.4.3 Fractionation 35
5.4.4 Acid Regeneration 36
5.5 Hydrotreating Process 36
5.5.1 Applications of Hydrotreating 36
5.5.2 Chemistry of the Hydrotreating Process 38
5.6 Hydrocracking Process 38
5.6.1 Process Description and Classifications 39
5.6.2 Chemistry of the Hydrocracking Process 40
5.6.3 Advantages of Hydrocracking 41
5.7 Catalytic Reforming 41
5.7.1 Process Description 42
5.7.2 Reactions 42
5.8 Isomerization Process 43
5.9 Nanotechnology in Refining Processes 44
References 45
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology Applications in Petroleum Refining 46
1 Introduction 46
1.1 Nanosize 47
1.2 Nanomaterials 48
1.3 Nanoparticles 49
1.4 Nanocomposites 50
2 Nanocatalysis 51
2.1 Supported Metal Catalysis 54
2.1.1 Catalyst Support 54
2.1.2 Particle Size Effect of Metal Oxide Supports 54
3 Petroleum Refining Processes 56
3.1 Catalytic Cracking 56
3.1.1 Nanozeolite 56
3.1.2 Synthesis of Nanozeolites 59
3.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alkanes 60
3.3 Desulfurization of Petroleum 61
3.4 Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 63
3.5 Other Reactions 65
4 Concluding Notes and Future Perspectives 70
References 70
Chapter 3: Advances in Nanocatalyzed Hydrodesulfurization of Gasoline and Diesel Fuels 75
1 Introduction 76
2 Processes of Desulfurization Technology in Oil and Gas Industries 77
3 Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel and Gasoline Fuels 80
4 Nanocatalysts Design 82
5 Doped Nanocatalysts Preparations 86
6 Hydrodesulfurization Reactions 87
7 Factors Affecting the Reactions 88
8 Mechanisms of Hydrodesulfurization in Diesel and Gasoline Fuels 91
9 Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel and Gasoline Fuels 98
10 Conclusion 100
References 100
Chapter 4: Improvement of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Based on Insight of Nano Structures and Reaction Mechanisms 105
1 Introduction 106
2 Relation of Structures of Mo(W)S2-Based Catalysts with Activities 106
2.1 Structures of Layer Mo(W)S2 106
2.2 Promoting Effect of Co or Ni to the Mo(W)S2 Active Phase 107
2.3 Carburization of HDS Catalysts 109
2.4 Interaction of Support with Active Phase 111
2.5 HDS Reaction Mechanism 112
3 Design and Synthesis of Nano HDS Catalysts 115
3.1 Design of HDS Catalyst 115
3.2 Synthesis of HDS catalysts 119
4 Characterization of Synthesized Mo(W)S2-Based Catalysts 126
5 Application of Mo(W)S2-Based Catalysts for Deep Desulfurization 129
6 Conclusion 134
References 134
Chapter 5: Selective Sulfur Removal from Liquid Fuels Using Nanostructured Adsorbents 141
1 Introduction 142
2 Selective Adsorption Removal of Sulfur Compounds 143
2.1 Adsorption Desulfurization 143
2.2 Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization 144
2.3 Mechanisms of Sulfur Adsorption 145
2.3.1 ?-Complexation 145
2.3.2 Direct Sulfur-Adsorption Site Interactions 146
2.3.3 Bulk Incorporation in Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization 147
3 Nanostructured Adsorbents for Selective Adsorption Removal of Sulfur Compounds 147
3.1 Zeolites 148
3.2 Metal Organic Frameworks 151
3.3 Mesoporous Silicas and Carbon-Nanostructured Adsorbents 153
4 Concluding Remarks 155
References 156
Chapter 6: Nano-MoS2 and Graphene Additives in Oil for Tribological Applications 159
1 Introduction 160
2 An Introduction to and the Tribological Behavior of Nano-MoS2 160
2.1 MoS2 Particles: Nano-balls 161
2.1.1 Preparation of MoS2 Nano-balls 161
2.1.2 Characterization of MoS2 Nano-balls 162
2.1.3 Dispersion of MoS2 Nano-balls in Base Oil 164
2.1.4 Comparison with Micro-MoS2 165
2.1.5 Effect of ZDDP on Tribological Properties 167
2.1.6 Effect of Crystallinity on Tribological Properties 168
2.1.7 Effect of Different of Pressure on Exfoliation Behavior 169
2.1.8 Tribological Mechanisms 169
2.2 MoS2 Nano-sheets 171
2.2.1 Preparation of MoS2 Nano-sheets 171
2.2.2 Application of MoS2 Nano-sheets 173
2.2.3 Tribological Mechanisms of MoS2 Nano-sheets 175
2.3 MoS2 Nano-tubes 176
2.3.1 Preparation and Characterization of MoS2 Nano-tube 178
2.3.2 Applications of MoS2 Nano-tubes 179
3 Graphene and Its Tribological Applications 181
3.1 Preparation and Characterization of Graphene 181
3.1.1 Exfoliation in Liquid or Gas 181
3.1.2 Modified Mechanical Exfoliation 181
3.1.3 Epitaxial Growth 182
3.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 182
3.1.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide 185
3.2 Properties and Applications of Graphene 185
3.2.1 Electrochemical Properties 185
3.2.2 Mechanical Properties 186
3.2.3 Optical Properties 186
3.2.4 Extreme Pressure Properties 186
3.2.5 Dispersion Properties 188
3.2.6 Tribological Properties and Applications of Graphene 189
4 Synergistic Lubricating Behaviors of Graphene and MoS2 190
4.1 Tribological Behaviors 191
4.2 Friction and Wear Mechanisms 191
5 Conclusions 194
References 194
Chapter 7: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) Process Based on Nano-catalysts: The Role of Supports 200
1 Introduction 201
2 Hydrodesulfurization Process 201
3 Industrial HDS Catalysts and Their Activity 203
4 Nano-catalyst in HDS Process 205
5 Types and Roles of Supports 205
5.1 Nano-alumina Support 205
5.2 Carbon Nanotubes Support 208
5.3 Graphene Support 210
6 Conclusion 213
References 214
Chapter 8: Mechanisms of Desulfurization by Nanomaterials 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts 219
3 Oxidative Desulfurization (ODS) 223
3.1 Supported and Unsupported Metal Oxides 225
3.2 Polyoxometalates (POM) Catalysts 230
3.3 Transition Metal Ions or Salts 235
4 Adsorptive Desulfurization 237
4.1 Physical Adsorption 238
4.2 Chemical or Reactive Adsorption 239
4.2.1 Adsorption Involving ?-Complexation of Sulfur Compounds 240
4.2.2 Adsorption Involving Cracking of Sulfur Compounds 241
References 243
Chapter 9: Role of Nanomaterials as an Emerging Trend Towards the Detection of Winged Contaminants 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 254
2.1 Sources of PAHs 254
2.2 Contamination of PAHs in Atmosphere, Soil, Sediments, and Food Samples 256
2.3 Human Exposure to PAHs and Health Effects 257
2.4 Detection and Extraction of PAHs 258
2.4.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles Based Extraction/Sensing Techniques 260
2.4.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) Based Extraction/Sensing Techniques 265
2.4.3 Carbonaceous Materials Based Extraction/Sensing Techniques 269
2.4.4 Other Nano-sized Materials Based Extraction/Sensing Techniques 271
2.4.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) Based Extraction/Sensing Techniques 272
3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 273
3.1 Source, Toxicity, Cause Behind Their Detection/Extraction 273
3.2 Detection/Extraction of VOCs 274
3.2.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles Based Analysis 275
3.2.2 Magnetic Metal Oxide Nanostructures Based Analysis 280
3.2.3 Other Metal Oxide Nanostructures Based Analysis 282
3.2.4 Molecularly Imprinted Materials Based Analysis 287
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 287
Reference 288
Chapter 10: Biogas Produced from Different Feedstocks in Anaerobic Digesters 296
1 Introduction 296
2 Parameters Related to Diet of Anaerobic Digester to Evaluate the Efficiency of the Biogas Production 298
3 Bio-methane Potentials for Anaerobic Digestion 305
4 Co-digestion Methods in Anaerobic Digesters to Produce Biogas 309
4.1 Inhibition of Microorganisms During The Co-digestion Method of Anaerobic Digesters 322
4.2 C/N Parameter for Co-digestion Processes of Anaerobic Digesters 325
5 Pretreatments of the Biomass to Produce Biogas in Anaerobic Digesters 326
6 Configuration of Anaerobic Digesters to Produce Biogas from Different Biomasses 333
References 335